TY - JOUR AU - Fernández, Xosé María PY - 2013/01/21 Y2 - 2024/03/29 TI - Estratexes na reconstrucción de migraciones humanes y de la variabilidá llingüística con modelos xenéticos JF - Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana JA - RFA VL - 11 IS - 11-12 SE - Artículos DO - UR - https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/RFA/article/view/9838 SP - AB - <span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><p>Na savana africana desanubriéronse fargataos de fósiles homíninos, pero rastrexar l’apaición d’humanos modernos va de cullá de l’arqueoloxía. Dende la talaya que proporciona la xenética molecular, Cavalli-Sforza y otros científicos estudien el DNA de poblaciones contemporanies pa construir un árbol filoxenéticu con un <span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">raigón que nos lleva a África dende onde s’extenderá la humanidá va </span></p></span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;">100</span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">.</span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;">000 </span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">años. Tamién ye posible recriar les grandes migraciones de la humanidá encontándose nel estudiu de marcadores xenéticos, confirmando d’esta manera l’espardimientu de l’agricultura per Europa. <span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">Va </span></span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;">5.000 </span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">años, les llingües proto-indoeuropees viaxen colos primeros agricultores d’Asia Menor (na rexón onde anguaño tán Iraq y Turquía) colonizando aduces la mariña mediterranio y ribayos de ríos europeos hastasa algamar Inglaterra, Dinamarca <span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">y la Península Ibérica, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;">4</span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">.</span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;">000 </span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">años dempués. L’análisis de componentes principales de les frecuencies xenétiques refleta dellos d’esos socesos históricos. Una disección xenética d’Europa confirma la extensión de l’agricultura neolítica, delles adaptaciones al frío na Edá del Xelu, o centrándose na Península, la dexebra ente cultures mediterranies y atlántiques. Velequí cómo la ciencia elimina la necesidá d’apoyase en mitos pa desplicar la diversidá llingüística.</span><p> </p></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><p>Fossil-hunters unearthed early hominin specimens in the African savannah but archaeological evidence is not by itself enough to pinpoint the emergence of modern humans. From the vantage point provided by molecular genetics, Cavalli-Sforza and others have studied DNA patterns in extant populations to generate a family tree rooted in Africa </p></span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;">200</span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">,</span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;">000 </span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">years ago. Distribution of genetic markers can be used to track human migrations. Principal component analysis of gene frequencies shows different distributions associated to major historical events. Such an approach was used to confirm the spread of agriculture throughout Europe alongside proto-Indo-European languages <span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">(</span></span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;">5</span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">,</span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;">000 </span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">years ago). Agriculture spread gradually from the Fertile Crescent (area between Iraq and Turkey) along the Mediterranean coast and rivers of central Europe, reachin Britain, Denmarck and Spain (the farthest regions) in </span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;">4</span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">,</span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-RegularSC; font-size: x-small;">000 </span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: x-small;">years. This genetic dissection approach also reveals Ice Age-related adaptations; or focusing on the Iberian Peninsula, PCA exposes an Atlantic/Mediterranean gradient, highlighting the divide between both cultures. Scientific approaches provide an explanation to human linguistic diversity without relying on cultural myths.</span></span> ER -