Mindfulness Parenting y Juego Infantil: un Ensayo Clínico con Padres de Niños con Trastornos del Espectro del Autismo
PDF (English)

Palabras clave

Mindfulness Parenting; Autism Spectrum Disorders; Parental Stress; Early Intervention; Parent Anxiety Mindfulness Parenting; Trastornos del Espectro Autista; Estrés Parental; Intervención Temprana

Cómo citar

Rojas-Torres, L. P., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2023). Mindfulness Parenting y Juego Infantil: un Ensayo Clínico con Padres de Niños con Trastornos del Espectro del Autismo. Psicothema, 35(3). Recuperado a partir de https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/PST/article/view/20134

Resumen

Antecedentes: Los síntomas asociados a los Trastornos del Espectro Autista pueden abrumar a los padres. Las alteraciones del bienestar psicológico de los padres (ansiedad, depresión) afectan a la adherencia al tratamiento, haciéndolo menos eficaz. Es necesario investigar cómo aumentar el bienestar psicológico de los padres de niños con autismo. Método: Se aplicó un programa de entrenamiento de 8 semanas en Mindfulness Parenting (MP) a catorce padres (6 parejas y dos madres). Los participantes fueron asignados a dos grupos, ambos grupos recibieron el mismo tratamiento, pero en dos momentos diferentes. Se evaluaron medidas de ansiedad (SCAARED), estrés parental (PSI-4), nivel de gravedad del autismo (AIM) y conciencia de la atención plena (FFMQ). Resultados: Se sugiere que el entrenamiento en MP aumenta la atención plena, incrementando el no juicio y la no reactividad y, como consecuencia, reduce la ansiedad (parental, general, social), mejorando la interacción entre padres e hijos pero no influye en la percepción de la gravedad del trastorno. Conclusiones: El reducido número de participantes impide la generalización de los resultados encontrados. Son necesarios más ensayos clínicos para demostrar la pertinencia de incluir estos programas en los servicios de intervención temprana, así como los perfiles de los padres potencialmente beneficiarios.

PDF (English)

Citas

Abidin, R. R. (2012). Parenting Stress Index, Fourth Edition (PSI-4). Psychological Assessment Resources. Ahemaitijiang, N., Fang, H., Ren, Y., Han, Z., & Singh, N. (2021). A review of mindful parenting: Theory, measurement, correlates, and outcomes. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 15, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909211037016

Alcantud-Marín, F. & Alonso-Esteban, Y. (2022). Trastornos del espectro del autismo: Bases para la intervención psicoeducativa [Autism Spectrum Disorders: Basis for Psychoeducational Intervention]. Pirámide.

Almansour, M., Alateeq, M., Alzahrani, M., Algeffari, M., & Alhomaifan, H. (2013). Depression and anxiety among parents and caregivers of autistic spectral disorder children. Neurosciences (Riyadh), 18(1), 58-63. https://nsj.org.sa/content/nsj/18/1/58.full.pdf

Angulo, M., Rooks, B., Gill, M., Goldstein, T., Sakolsky, D., Goldstein, B., Monk, K., Hickey, M.B., Diler, R.S., Hafeman, D., Merranko, J., Axelson, D. & Birmaher, B. (2017). Psychometrics of the Screen for Adult Anxiety Related Disorders (SCAARED). A new scale for the assessment of DSM-5 anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Research, 253, 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.034

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) Text revision. American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.

Artigas-Pallarés, J. (2007). Detección precoz de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Atención precoz de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo. A favor de la intervención precoz de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo [Early detection of neurodevelopmental disorders. Early attention to neurodevelopmental disorders. In favour of early intervention for neurodevelopmental disorders]. Revista de Neurología, 44(3), 31-34. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.44S03.2007226

Autism Europe (2019). People with autism spectrum disorders. https://www.autismeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/People-with-Autism-Spectrum-Disorder.-Identification-Understanding-Intervention_compressed.pdf.pdf

Baer, R., Smith, G., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504

Baer, R., Smith, G., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., Mark, J. & Williams, J. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating Samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003

Benn, R., Akiva, T., Arel, S., & Roeser, R. (2012). Mindfulness training effects for parents and educators of children with special needs. Developmental Psychology, 48(5), 1476-1487. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027537.supp

Birmaher, B., Khetarpal, S., Brent, D., Cully, M., Balach, L., Kaufman, J., & Neer, S. (1997). The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(4), 545-553. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199704000-00018

Bluth, K., Roberson, P., Billen, R., & Sams, J. (2013). A stress model for couples parenting children with autism spectrum disorders and the introduction of a mindfulness intervention. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 5(3), 194-213. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12015

Boekhorst, M., Potharst, E., Beerthuizen, A., Hulsbosch, L., Bergink, V., Pop, V., & Nyklícek, I. (2020). Mindfulness during pregnancy and parental stress in mothers raising toddlers. Mindfulness, 11, 1747–1761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01392-9

Bögels, S., & Restifo, K. (2014). Mindful parenting: A guide for mental health practitioners. Springer.

Bögels, S., Lehtonen, A., & Restifo, K. (2010). Mindful parenting in mental health. Mindfulness, 1,107-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-010-0014-5

Bratton, S.C., Ray, D., Rhine, T., & Jones, L. (2005). The efficacy of play therapy with children: A meta-analytic review of treatment outcomes. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(4), 376-390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.4.376

Cachia, R., Anderson, A., & Moore, D. (2016). Mindfulness, stress and well-Being in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Journal Child and Family Study, 25, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0193-8

CDC (2020). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders among children aged 8 years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 69(4), 1-12. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/ss/ss6904a1.htm

Cebolla, A., García-Palacios, A., Soler, J., Guillen, V., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Spanish validation of the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). The European Journal of Psychiatry, 26(2), 118-126. https://doi.org/10.4321/S0213-61632012000200005

Dabrowska, A. & Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(3), 266-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01258.x

Dawson, G., Jones, E.J.H., Merkle, K., Venema, K., Lowy, R., Faja, S., Kamara, D., Murias, M., Greenson, J., Winter, J. Smith, M., Rogers, S.J. & Webb, S.J. (2012). Early behavioral intervention is associated with normalized brain activity in young children with autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(11),1150-1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.018

Díaz-Herrero, A., Brito de la Nuez, A., López Pina, J., Pérez-López, J., & Martínez-Fuentes, M. (2010). Estructura factorial y consistencia interna de la versión española del Parenting Stress Index-Short Form [Factor Structure and Internal Consistency of the Spanish Version of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form]. Psicothema, 22(4), 1033-1038. https://www.psicothema.com/pdf/3837.pdf

Diener, M., & Swedin, M. (2020). Parenting stress. In S. Hupp, & J. Jewell (Eds), The encyclopedia of child and adolescent development. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171492.wecad206

Falk, N., Norris, K., & Quinn, M. (2014). The factors predicting stress, anxiety and depression in the parents of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(12), 3185-3203. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10803-014-2189-4

Ferraioli, S., & Harris, S. (2013). Comparative effects of mindfulness and skills-based parent training programs for parents of children with autism: Feasibility and preliminary outcome data. Mindfulness, 4, 89-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0099-0

Firth, I., & Dryer, R. (2013). The predictors of distress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 38(2), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2013.773964

Gammer, I., Hartley-Jones, C., & Jones, F. (2020). A randomized controlled trial of an online, compassion-based intervention for maternal psychological well-being in the first year postpartum. Mindfulness, 11, 980-939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01306-9

García-Campayo, J., Zamorano, E., Ruiz, M.A., Pardo, A., Pérez-Páramo, M., López-Gómez, V., Freire, O. & Rejas, J. (2010). Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale as a screening tool. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8, Article 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-8-8

Green, J., Pickles, A., Pasco, G., Bedford, R., Wai Wan, M., Elsabbagh, M., Slonims, V., Gliga, T., Jones, E., Cheung, C., Charman, T., Johnson, M. & The British Autism Study of Infant Sibling (BASIS) Team. (2017). Randomised trial of a parent-mediated intervention for infants at high risk for autism: longitudinal outcomes to age 3 years. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(12), 1330-1340. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12728

Hartley, S., Barker, E., Seltzer, M., Floyd, F., Greenberg, J., Orsmond, G., & Bolt, D. (2010). The relative risk and timing of divorce in families of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(4), 449-457. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019847

Hartley, S., Papp, L., Mihaila, I., Bussanich, P., Goetz, G., & Hickey, E. (2017). Couple conflict in parents of children with versus without autism: Self-reported and observed findings. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(8), 2152-2165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0737-1

Hayes, S., & Watson, S. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: a metaanalysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 629-642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y

Hillman, H. (2018). Child-centered play therapy as an intervention for children with autism: A literature review. International Journal of Play Therapy, 27(4), 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1037/pla0000083

Holland, D., Chang, L., Ernst, T., Curran, M., Buchthal, S., Alicata, D., Skranes, J., Johansen, H., Hernandez, A., Yamakawa, R., Kuperman, J. M. & Dale, A. (2014). Structural growth trajectories and rates of change in the first 3 months of infant brain development. Journal of American Medical Association Neurology, 71(10), 1266-1274. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1638

Ingersoll, B., & Dvortcsak, A. (2010). Teaching social communication to children with autism: A practitioner’s guide to parent training. The Guilford Press.

Ingersoll, B., & Wainer, A. (2011). Pilot study of a school-based parent training program for preschoolers with ASD. Autism, 17(4), 434-448. https://doi.oeg/10.1177/1362361311427155

Ingersoll, B., & Wainer, A. (2013). Initial efficacy of project ImPACT: A parent-mediated social communication intervention for young children with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(12), 2943-2952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1840-9

Kabat-Zinn, J., & Kabat-Zinn, M. (1997). Everyday blessings: The inner work of mindful parenting. Hyperion.

Kanne, S., Mazurek, M., Sikora, D., Bellando, J., Branum-Martin, L., Handen, B., Katz, T., Freedman, B., Powell, M.P. & Warren, Z. (2014). The Autism Impact Measure (AIM): Initial development of a new tool for treatment outcome measurement. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(1), 168-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1862-3

Keen, D., Couzens, D., Muspratt, S., & Rodger, S. (2010). The effects of a parent-focused intervention for children with a recent diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder on parenting stress and competence. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(2), 229-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.09.009

Kim, S., Bal, V., & Lord, C. (2017). Longitudinal follow-up of academic achievement in children with autism from age 2 to 18. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(3), 258-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12808

Koizumi, H. (2004). The concept of “developing the brain”: a new natural science for learning and education. Brain and Development, 26(7), 434-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2003.09.011

Leblanc, M., & Ritchie, M. (2001). A meta-analysis of play therapy outcomes. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 14(2), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070110059142

Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P., Risi, S., Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. (2012). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, second edition: ADOS-2. Western Psychological services.

Merkaj, V., Kika, M., & Simaku, A. (2013). Symptoms of stress, epression and anxiety between parents of autistic children and parents of tipically developing children. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(2), 345-352. https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p345

Mikolajczak, M., Gross, J., & Roskam, I. (2019). Parental burnout: What is it, and why does it matter? Clinical Psychological Science, 7(6), 1319-1329. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619858430

Minguela, N., & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2022). Effects of P-ESDM on children with autism spectrum disorder and their parents: a systematic review. Journal of Psychology and Education, 17(2), 198-208. https://doi.org/10.23923/rpye2022.02.227

Mitchell, M., & Jolley, J. (2010). Research design explained (7th Ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Muhle, R.A., Reed, H.E., Stratigos, K.A., & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2018). The emerging clinical neuroscience of autism spectrum disorder: A review. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(5), 514–523. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4685

Mundy, P., & Crowson, M. (1997). Joint attention and early social communication: Implications for research on intervention with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27(6), 653-676. https://doi.org/10.1023/:1025802832021

Newacheck, P., Inkelas, M., & Kim, S. (2004). Health services use and health care expenditures for children with disabilities. Pediatrics, 114(1), 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.1.79

Osborne, L., McHugh, L., Saunders, J., & Reed, P. (2008). Parenting stress reduces the effectiveness of early teaching interventions for autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(6), 1092-1103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0497-7

Pierce, K., Courchesne, E., & Bacon, E. (2016). To screen or not to screen for autism is not the question: Why the Task Force got it wrong. The Journal of Pediatrics, 176, 182-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.06.004

Pons-Salvador, G., Cerezo, M., & Bernabé, G. (2005). Cambio y estabilidad en los factores que afectan negativamente a la parentalidad [Change and Stability in Factors Negatively Affecting Parenting]. Psicothema, 17(1), 31-36. http://www.psicothema.com/pdf/3060.pdf

Prizant, B., Wetherby, A., Rubin, E., & Laurent, A. (2003). The SCERTS Model: A transactional, family-centered approach to enhancing communication and socioemotional abilities of children with autism spectrum disorders. Infants and Young Children, 16(4), 296-316. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001163-200310000-00004

Prizant, B., Wetherby, A., Rubin, E., Laurent, A., & Rydell, P. (2006). The SCERTS model: A comprehensive educational approach for children with autism spectrum disorders. Program planning and intervention. Paul H. Brookes Publishing.

Rezendes D.L. & Scarpa, A. (2011). Associations between parental anxiety/depression and child behavior problems related to autism spectrum disorders: The role of parental stress and parental self-efficacy. Autism Research and Treatment, 2011, Article 395190. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/395190

Rivas, G.R., Arruabarrena, I. & de Paúl, J. (2021). Parenting Stress Index-Short Form: Psychometric properties of the Spanish version in mothers of children aged 0 to 8 years. Psychosocial Intervention, 30(1), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2020a14

Robertson, K. (2005). Active listening: More than just paying attention. Australian Family Physician, 34(12), 1053-1055. https://www.racgp.org.au/afpbackissues/2005/200512/200512robinson.pdf

Rogers, C., & Farson, R. (1957). Active listening. Industrial Relations Center of The University of Chicago.

Rojas-Torres, L., Alonso-Esteban, Y. & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2020). Early intervention with parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: A review of programs. Children, 7(12), Article 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7120294

Rojas-Torres, L., Alonso-Esteban, Y., López-Ramón, M., & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2021). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Self Compassion (SC) training for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: A pilot trial in community services in Spain. Children, 8(5), Article 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050316

Rojas-Torres, L., Alonso-Esteban, Y. & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2022). Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: Interventions with and for them. In A.S. El-Baz, & J.S. Suri, (Eds.), Neural Engineering Techniques for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Volume 2 (pp.86-109). Academic Press.

Sánchez-Cueva, S., Alonso-Esteban, Y., Sánchez-Cueva, P., Birmaher, B., & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2021). Psychometrics of the Spanish versión of the Screen for Adult Anxiety Related Disorders (SCAARED). Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article 589422. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.589422

Schmidt, C., & Vinet, E. (2015). Mindfulness: Validation of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in Chilean university students. Terapia Psicológica, 33(2), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082015000200004

Sen, E., & Yurtsever, S. (2007). Difficulties experienced by families withdisabled children. Pediatric Nursing, 12(4), 238-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.2007.00119.x

Silove, D., Alonso, J., Bromet, E., Gruber, M., Sampson, N., Scott, K., Andrade, L., Benjet, C., Caldas de Almeida, J.M., De Girolamo, G., de Jonge, P., Demyttenaere, K., Fiestas, F., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., He, Y., Karam, E., Lepine, J.P., Murphy. S., Vila-Posada, J., Zarkov, Z. & Kessler, R. (2015). Pediatric-onset and adult-onset separation anxiety disorder across countries in the World Mental Health Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(7), 647-656. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14091185

Spitzer, R., Kroenke, K., Williams, J., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092