Palabras clave
Body shame
Body appreciation
Serial-parallel mediation Compasión corporal
Vergüenza corporal
Mediación serial-paralela
Apreciación corporal
Cómo citar
Resumen
Antecedentes: La compasión hacia el cuerpo (CC) es un factor protector en el campo de los trastornos alimentarios (TA) que se ha asociado con una mayor apreciación y una menor vergüenza corporales. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios para desentrañar el papel protector de la CC en el riesgo de TA. Los objetivos fueron examinar (1) las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación española de la Escala de Compasión hacia el cuerpo y (2) si la apreciación y la vergüenza corporales eran mediadoras entre la CC y el riesgo de TA.
Método: 288 mujeres (rango: 18-40 años; M = 24.65 ± 5.02) de la población general española cumplimentaron cuestionarios online.
Resultados: La escala era fiable y válida. Un modelo de mediación serial-paralelo confirmó el papel protector de la CC y la apreciación corporal sobre la vergüenza corporal y el riesgo de TA, explicando el 68,88% de la varianza.
Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que las mujeres que presentan mayor CC tienden a mostrar mayor apreciación corporal, lo que conduce a una menor vergüenza corporal interna y un menor riesgo de TA. Estos resultados apoyan la necesidad de promover una relación positiva y compasiva con el cuerpo con el fin de prevenir TA.
Citas
Albertson, E. R., Neff, K. D., & Dill-Shackleford, K. E. (2015). Self Compassion and body dissatisfaction in women: A randomizedcontrolled trial of a brief meditation intervention. Mindfulness, 6(3),444–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0277-3
Alleva, J. M., Sheeran, P., Webb, T. L., Martijn, C., & Miles, E. (2015). A meta-analytic review of stand alone interventions to improve body image. PLoS ONE, 10(9), Article e0139177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177
Alleva, J. M., Tylka, T. L., van Oorsouw, K., Montanaro, E., Perey, I.,Bolle, C., Boselie, J., Peters, M., & Webb, J. B. (2020). The effects of yoga on functionality appreciation and additional facets of positive body image. Body Image, 34, 184–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.06.003
Altman, J. K., Zimmaro, L. A., & Woodruff-Borden, J. (2017). Targeting body compassion in the treatment of body dissatisfaction: A case study. Clinical Case Studies, 16(6), 431-445. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650117731155
Altman, J. K., Linfield, K., Salmon, P. G., & Beacham, A. O. (2020). The body compassion scale: Development and initial validation. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(4), 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317718924
Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., & Clark, L. (2016). Predicting body appreciation in young women: An integrated model of positive body image. Body Image, 18, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.04.003
Avalos, L., Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. (2005). The body appreciation scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 2(3), 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.06.002
Barata-Santos, M., Marta-Simões, J., & Ferreira, C. (2019). Body compassion safeguards against the impact of major life events on binge eating. Appetite, 134, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.016
Berking, M., & Whitley, B. (2014). Emotion regulation: Definition and relevance for mental health. In: Affect Regulation Training, 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1022-9_2
Braun, T. D., Park, C. L., & Gorin, A. (2016). Self-compassion, body image, and disordered eating: A review of the literature. Body Image, 17, 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.03.003
Carter, A., Hoang, N., Gilbert, P., & Kirby, J. N. (2022). Body weight perception outweighs body weight when predicting shame, criticism, depression and anxiety for lower BMI range and higher BMI range adults. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(10), 2276–2290. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053211027641
Cash, T. F. (2000). Body image. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 436–439). https://doi.org/10.1037/10516-161
de Vries, D. A., Peter, J., de Graaf, H., & Nikken, P. (2016). Adolescents’ social network site use, peer appearance-related feedback, and body dissatisfaction: Testing a mediation model. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(1), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0266-4
Duarte, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Ferreira, C. (2014). Escaping from body image shame and harsh self criticism: Exploration of underlying mechanisms of binge eating. Eating Behaviors, 15(4), 638–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.025
Duarte, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., & Batista, D. (2015). Body image as a source of Shame: A new measure for the assessment of the multifaceted nature of body image shame. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 22(6), 656–666. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1925
Duarte, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Cruz, B. (2016). Relationships between nurses’ empathy, self-compassion and dimensions of professional quality of life: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 60, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.02.015
Elosua, P., López-Jáuregui, A., & Sánchez-Sánchez, F. (2010). Adaptación española del Eating Disorder Inventory-3. Normalización y validación [Spanish adaptation of the Eating Disorder Inventory-3. Standardization and validation]. TEA.
Ferrari, M., Hunt, C., Harrysunker, A., Abbott, M. J., Beath, A. P., & Einstein, D. A. (2019). Self-Compassion interventions and psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Mindfulness, 10(8), 1455–1473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01134-6
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
Garcia-Campayo, J., Navarro-Gil, M., Andrés, E., Montero-Marin, J., López-Artal, L., & Demarzo, M. M. P. (2014). Validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-12-4
Garner, D. M. (2004). Eating disorder inventory-3 (EDI-3). Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
Gilbert, P. (1998). What is shame? Some core issues and controversies. In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (Eds.), Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture (pp. 3–38). Oxford University Press. Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12043
Gilbert, P., & Miles, J. (Eds.). (2014). Body shame: Conceptualisation, research, and treatment. Routledge. Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/CPP.507
Goss, K., & Allan, S. (2014). The development and application of compassion-focused therapy for eating disorders (CFT-E). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 62–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12039
Halliwell, E., Jarman, H., McNamara, A., Risdon, H., & Jankowski, G. (2015). Dissemination of evidence-based body image interventions: A pilot study into the effectiveness of using undergraduate students as interventionists in secondary schools. Body Image, 14, 1–4.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.02.002
Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis second edition: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
Homan, K. J., & Tylka, T. (2015). Self-compassion moderates body comparison and appearance self-worth’s inverse relationships with body appreciation. Body Image, 15, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.007
Homan, K. J., & Tylka, T. L. (2014). Appearance-based exercise motivation moderates the relationship between exercise frequency and positive body image. Body Image, 11(2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.01.003
Horn, J.L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
Kelly, A. C., & Waring, S. V. (2018). A feasibility study of a 2-week self-compassionate letter-writing intervention for nontreatment seeking individuals with typical and atypical anorexia nervosa. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(8), 1005–1009. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22930
Kline, T. J. (2005). Psychological testing: A practical approach to design and evaluation. SAGE Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483385693
Linardon, J., Susanto, L., Tepper, H., & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2020). Self-compassion as a moderator of the relationships between shape and weight overvaluation and eating disorder psychopathology, psychosocial impairment, and psychological distress. Body Image, 33, 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.03.001
Marta-Simões, J., & Ferreira, C. (2019). Turning self-compassionate engagement into action: Impact on body appreciation among Portuguese women. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 11, 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.11.004
Marta-Simões, J., Ferreira, C., & Mendes, A. L. (2016). Exploring the effect of external shame on body appreciation among Portuguese young adults: The role of self-compassion. Eating Behaviors, 23, 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.10.006
Máximo, A., Ferreira, C., & Marta-Simões, J. (2017). Ações autocompassivas e comportamento alimentar perturbado em mulheres: O efeito mediador da apreciação da imagem corporal [Self-compassionate actions and disturbed eating behavior in women: The mediating effect of body image appreciation]. Revista Portuguesa de Investigação Comportamental e Social, 3(2), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.7342/ismt.rpics.2017.3.2.58
McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20(2), 181-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.x
Mendes, A. L., Ferreira, C., & Marta-Simões, J. (2017). Experiential avoidance versus decentering abilities: The role of different emotional processes on disordered eating. Eating and Weight Disorders, 22(3), 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40519-016-0291-7
Mills, J. S., Minister, C., & Samson, L. (2022). Enriching sociocultural perspectives on the effects of idealized body norms: Integrating shame, positive body image, and self-compassion. Frontiers in Psychology, 13:983534. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.983534
Moya-Garófano, A., Megías, J. L., Rodríguez-Bailón, R., & Moya, M. (2017). Spanish version of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS): results from two samples of female university students / Versión española de la Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS): resultados correspondientes a dos muestras de estudiantes universitarias. Revista de Psicología Social, 32(2), 362-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2017.1292700
Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Nechita, D. M., Bud, S., & David, D. (2021). Shame and eating disorders symptoms: A meta-analysis. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(11), 1899–1945. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23583
Neff, K. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
O’Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32, 396-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03200807
Odou, N., & Brinker, J. (2015). Self-compassion, a better alternative to rumination than distraction as a response to negative mood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(5), 447-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.967800
Oliveira, S., Trindade, I. A., & Ferreira, C. (2018). The buffer effect of body compassion on the association between shame and body and eating difficulties. Appetite, 125, 118–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.031
Oliveira, V. R., Ferreira, C., Mendes, A. L., & Marta-Simões, J. (2017). Shame and eating psychopathology in Portuguese women: Exploring the roles of self-judgment and fears of receiving compassion. Appetite, 110, 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.012
Pinto-Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., & Duarte, C. (2014). Thinness in the pursuit for social safeness: An integrative model of social Rank mentality to explain eating psychopathology. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 21(2), 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1820
Piran, N. (2015). New possibilities in the prevention of eating disorders: The introduction of positive body image measures. Body Image, 14, 146–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.008
Policardo, G. R., Nerini, A., Di Gesto, C., & Matera, C. (2022). Body compassion scale: A validation study in the Italian context. European Journal of Health Psychology, 29(2), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1027/2512-8442/A000088
Prefit, A. B., Cândea, D. M., & Szentagotai-Tătar, A. (2019). Emotion regulation across eating pathology: A meta-analysis. Appetite, 143, Article 104438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104438
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self-compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702
Ramos-Martins, C., Oliveira, S., & Ferreira, C. (2021). Can body appreciation buffer the association between external and internal shame experiences with eating psychopathology? Clinical Psychologist, 26(1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/13284207.2021.1929142
Siegel, J. A., Huellemann, K. L., Hillier, C. C., & Campbell, L. (2020). The protective role of self-compassion for women’s positive body image: An open replication and extension. Body Image, 32, 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.12.003
Stern, N. G., & Engeln, R. (2018). Self-compassionate writing exercises increase college women’s body satisfaction. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 42(3), 326-341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684318773356
Swami, V., García, A. A., & Barron, D. (2017). Factor structure and psychometric properties of a Spanish translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2). Body Image, 22, 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.05.002
Treasure, J., Duarte, T. A., & Schmidt, U. (2020). Eating disorders. The Lancet, 395(10227), 899–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30059-3
Troop, N. A., Allan, S., Serpell, L., & Treasure, J. L. (2008). Shame in women with a history of eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 16(6), 480–488. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.858
Turk, F., & Waller, G. (2020). Is self-compassion relevant to the pathology and treatment of eating and body image concerns? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 79, Article 101856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101856
Tylka, T. L. (2019). Body Appreciation. In T. L. Tylka & N. Piran (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Body Image and Embodiment (1st ed., pp. 22–32). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/medpsych/9780190841874.003.0003
Tylka, T. L., Russell, H. L., & Neal, A. A. (2015). Self-compassion as a moderator of thinness-related pressures’ associations with thinideal internalization and disordered eating. Eating Behaviors, 17, 23–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.12.009
Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001
Van Niekerk, L. M., Muscella, G., & Quinn, M. (2023). A validation of the body compassion scale in females. Journal of Health Psychology. Article 13591053231160922. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053231160922
Webb, J. B., Butler-Ajibade, P., & Robinson, S. A. (2014). Considering an affect regulation framework for examining the association between body dissatisfaction and positive body image in Black older adolescent females: Does body mass index matter? Body Image, 11(4), 426–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.07.002
West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non normal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Sage Publications.
Wood-Barcalow, N. L., Tylka, T. L., & Augustus-Horvath, C. L. (2010). “But I like my body”: Positive body image characteristics and a holistic model for young-adult women. Body Image, 7(2), 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.01.001
Wong, M. Y. C., Chung, P. K., & Leung, K. M. (2022). Psychometric properties of Chinese translated body compassion scale (BCS) among Hong Kong adolescents. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 20(1), 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2021.10.001
Ziemer, K. S., Lamphere, B. R., Raque-Bogdan, T. L., & Schmidt, C. K. (2019). A randomized controlled study of writing interventions on college women’s positive body image. Mindfulness, 10(1), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12671-018-0947-7