Resumen
Antecedentes: Durante el confinamiento de 2020 por la COVID-19, el Consejo General de la Psicología junto con los Colegios Oficiales de la Psicología, lanzaron el Programa Telefónico de Atención Psicológica (PCTP) para atender a la salud mental de la población. Método: El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar análisis descriptivos del PCTP con los datos recogidos durante el confinamiento y en el seguimiento a los 12 meses, y proponer un protocolo breve para unificar la recogida de datos. Resultados: Se analizaron 10,119 llamadas telefónicas realizadas al PCTP en el confinamiento de 2020, y 337 llamadas de seguimiento a los 12 meses. Los motivos llamada más frecuentes fueron los síntomas de ansiedad (66.8%), depresión (30.5%) y/o problemas familiares (13.9%). En el seguimiento a los 12 meses, los usuarios del PCTP presentaban síntomas de ansiedad (38%), depresión (35%) y pánico (34%); más de la mitad de los usuarios informaban del consumo de psicofármacos. Conclusiones: Este estudio destaca la necesidad de ofrecer atención telefónica a la salud mental de la población y sistematizar la intervención y la recogida de datos frente a futuras crisis. Proponemos un protocolo de recogida de datos para su uso en programas de asistencia psicológica telefónica de emergencias.
Citas
Arora,T., Grey, I., Östlundh, L., Lam, K. B. H., Omar, O. M., &Arnone, D. (2022). The prevalence of psychological consequences of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(4), 805–824. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320966639
Balmford, B., Annan, J. D., Hargreaves, J. C., Altoè, M., & Bateman, I. J. (2020). Cross-country comparisons of Covid-19: Policy, politics and the price of life. Environmental and Resource Economics, 76, 525–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00466-5
Barguilla, A., Fernández-Lebrero, A., Estragués-Gázquez, I., García-Escobar, G., Navalpotro-Gómez, I., Manero, R. M., Puente-Periz, V., Roquer, J., & Puig-Pijoan, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 pandemic confinement in patients with cognitive impairment. Frontiers in Neurology, 11, Article 589901. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.589901
Batchelor, S., Stoyanov, S., Pirkis, J., & Kõlves, K. (2021). Use of kids helpline by children and young people in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(6), 1067–1074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jadohealth.2021.03.015
Bäuerle, A., Skoda, E. M., Dörrie, N., Böttcher, J., & Teufel, M. (2020). Psychological support in times of COVID-19: The Essen community- based CoPE concept. Journal of Public Health, 42(3), 649–650. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa053
Brülhart, M., Klotzbücher, V., Lalive, R., & Reich, S. K. (2021). Mental health concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic as revealed by helpline calls. Nature, 600(7887), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04099-6
Cano-Vindel, A., Muñoz-Navarro, R., Medrano, L. A., Ruiz-Rodríguez, P., González-Blanch, C., Gómez-Castillo, M. D., ... & PsicAP Research Group. (2018). A computerized version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 as an ultra-brief screening tool to detect emotional disorders in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders, 234, 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jad.2018.01.030
Cano-Vindel, A., Muñoz-Navarro, R., Moriana, J. A., Ruiz-Rodríguez, P., Medrano, L. A., & González-Blanch, C. (2022). Transdiagnostic group cognitive behavioural therapy for emotional disorders in primary care: The results of the PsicAP randomized controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 52(15), 3336–3348. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0033291720005498
Deng, J., Zhou, F., Hou, W., Silver, Z., Wong, C. Y., Chang, O., Drakos, A., Zuo, Q. K., & Huang, E. (2021). The prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbance in higher education students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 301. Article 113863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113863
Fernández-Montalvo, J., Villanueva, P., & Arteaga Olleta, A. (2021). Characteristics and predictors of suicidal ideation severity among callers to a telephone helpline in Spain. Psychosocial Intervention 30(3) 174–181. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2021a7
Fullana, M. A., Hidalgo-Mazzei, D., Vieta, E., & Radua, J. (2020). Coping behaviors associated with decreased anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 80–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.027
Gallagher, M. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Long, L. J., Rogers, A. H., & Garey, L. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 experiences and associated stress on anxiety, depression, and functional impairment in American adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44, 1043–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10143-y
Gao, Y., Sun, F., Jiang, W., Fang, Y., Yue, L., Lin, X., & Li, X. (2020). Beliefs towards the COVID-19 pandemic among patients with emotional disorders in China. General Psychiatry, 33(3), Article e100231. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100231
Iqbal, Y., Jahan, R., Yesmin, S., Selim, A., & Siddique, S. N. (2021). COVID‐19‐ related issues on tele‐counseling helpline in Bangladesh. Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry, 13(2), Article e12407. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12407
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2009). An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: The PHQ–4. Psychosomatics, 50(6), 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(09)70864-3
Monreal-Bartolomé, A., López-Del-Hoyo, Y., Cabrera-Gil, I., Aguilar-Latorre, A., Puebla-Guedea, M., Boira, S., & Lanero, J. (2022). Analysis of the calls received during the COVID-19 lockdown by the mental health crisis helpline operated by the Professional College of Psychology of Aragon. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), Article 2901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052901
Mucci, F., Mucci, N., & Diolaiuti, F. (2020). Lockdown and isolation: Psychological aspects of COVID-19 pandemic in the general population. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 63–64. https://doi.org/10.36131/ CN20200205
Muñoz-Navarro, R., Cano-Vindel, A., Wood, C. M., Ruíz-Rodríguez, P., Medrano, L. A., Limonero, J. T., ... & PsicAP Research Group. (2016). The PHQ-PD as a screening tool for panic disorder in the primary care setting in Spain. PLoS One, 11(8), Article e0161145. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161145
Muñoz-Navarro, R., Malonda, E., Llorca-Mestre, A., Cano-Vindel, A., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2021). Worry about COVID-19 contagion and general anxiety: Moderation and mediation effects of cognitive emotion regulation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 137, 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.004
Munoz-Navarro, R., Medrano, L. A., Limonero, J. T., González-Blanch, C., Moriana, J.A., Ruiz-Rodríguez, P., & Cano-Vindel,A. (2022). The mediating role of emotion regulation in transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy for emotional disorders in primary care: Secondary analyses of the PsicAP randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 303, 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.029
Peppou, L. E., Economou, M., Skali, T., & Papageorgiou, C. (2021). From economic crisis to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis: Evidence from a mental health helpline in Greece. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 271, 407–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01165-4
Racine, N., McArthur, B. A., Cooke, J. E., Eirich, R., Zhu, J., & Madigan, S. (2021). Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during Covid-19: A meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(11), 1142–1150. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPEDIATRICS.2021.2482
Ravindran, S., Channaveerachari, N. K., Seshadri, S. P., Kasi, S., Manikappa, S. K., Cherian, A. V, Sudhir, P., Govindan, R., Reddy, B., & Christopher, A. D. (2020). Crossing barriers: Role of a tele-outreach program addressing psychosocial needs in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, Article 102351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102351
Santabárbara, J., Bueno-Notivol, J., Lipnicki, D. M., Olaya, B., Pérez- Moreno, M., & Gracia-García, P. (2020). Prevalence of anxiety in health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid systematic review with meta-analysis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 107, Article 110244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110244
Santomauro, D. F., Herrera, A. M. M., Shadid, J., Zheng, P., Ashbaugh, C., Pigott, D. M., Abbafati, C., Adolph, C., Amlag, J. O., & Aravkin, A. Y. (2021). Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet, 398(10312), 1700–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7
Sosa Lovera, A., Ureña, A. J., Arias, J., Araujo Rodríguez, A., & Canario Guzmán, J. A. (2022). Psychological helpline in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 22(2), 534–541. https://doi.org/10.1002/ CAPR.12482
Tian, F., Li, H., Tian, S., Yang, J., Shao, J., & Tian, C. (2020). Psychological symptoms of ordinary Chinese citizens based on SCL-90 during the level I emergency response to COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 288, Article 112992 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112992
Turkington, R., Mulvenna, M., Bond, R., Ennis, E., Potts, C., Moore, C., Hamra, L., Morrissey, J., Isaksen, M., Scowcroft, E., & O’Neill, S. (2020). Behavior of callers to a crisis helpline before and during the Covid-19 pandemic: Quantitative data analysis. JMIR Ment Health, 7(11), Article e22984. https://doi.org/10.2196/22984
Wang, F., Zhang, L., Ding, L., Wang, L., & Deng, Y. (2022). Fear of Covid-19 among college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, Article 846894. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpubh.2022.846894
Wang, Y., Zhao, X., Feng, Q., Liu, L., Yao, Y., & Shi, J. (2020). Psychological assistance during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(6), 733–737. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320919177
Zhang, Y., Bao, X., Yan, J., Miao, H., & Guo, C. (2021). Anxiety and Depression in Chinese Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, Article 697642. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.697642