Palabras clave
Suicidal behavior
Suicidal crisis
Reasons for living
Life-protective factor Suicidio
Conducta suicida
Crisis suicida
Razones para vivir
Factor protector de la vida
Cómo citar
Resumen
Antecedentes: Siguiendo las recomendaciones de los expertos para un enfoque fenomenológico de la conducta suicida, este estudio se centra en las creencias y valores que protegen la vida de las personas en crisis suicida. Método: 61 adultos hospitalizados por crisis suicida fueron evaluados en razones para vivir (RPV) y suicidalidad. El análisis de correspondencias múltiples permitió discernir grupos de pacientes con diferentes perfiles de RPV. Se examinaron además las diferencias de grupo en cuanto a suicidalidad. Resultados: Se observaron 4 grupos de pacientes, con perfiles que diferían en “Creencias de supervivencia y afrontamiento”, “Miedo a la desaprobación social”, “Responsabilidad familiar” y “Preocupación por los hijos”. Los perfiles variaban en función del sexo, pero no de la edad. Observamos que las “Creencias de supervivencia y afrontamiento” y las “Objeciones morales” se debilitan durante una crisis suicida aguda. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos subrayan la utilidad clínica de evaluar el RPV durante una crisis suicida, y que el RPV puede ser útil para la formulación del caso. Podrían aumentar la comunicación terapéutica al conectar al individuo con recursos psicológicos. Son necesarios estudios longitudinales para evaluar cómo los grupos identificados en este estudio pueden dar lugar a trayectorias post-emergencia específicas conectadas a necesidades clínicas concretas
Citas
Al-Halabí, S., & Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2021). Suicidal behavior prevention: The time to act is now. Clínica y Salud, 32(2), 89-92. https://doi.org/10.5093/ clysa2021a17
Al-Halabí, S., & Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2023). Are there common components in effective psychotherapies for suicidal behavior? Implications for professional practice. Revista de Psicoterapia, 34(124), 83-99. https://doi.org/10.5944/rdp.v34i124.37050
Atkinson, W. (2023). Charting fields and spaces quantitatively: From multiple correspondence analysis to categorical principal components analysis. Quality & Quantity, 58(1), 829-848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-023- 01669-w
Baldessarini, R. J. (2020). Epidemiology of suicide: Recent developments. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, Article e71. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796019000672
Bateman, A., Fonagy, P., Debbané, M., Campbell, C., & Luyten, P. (2023). Cambridge guide to Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT). Cambridge University Press.
Benson, O., Gibson, S., & Brand, S. L. (2013). The experience of agency in the feeling of being suicidal. Journal of Consciousness Study, 20(7-8), 56-79. Berk, M. S., Starace, N. K., Black, V. P., & Avina, C. (2020). Implementation of dialectical behavior therapy with suicidal and self-harming adolescents in a community clinic. Archives of Suicide Research, 24(1), 64-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2018.1509750
Besch, V., Debbané, M., Greiner, C., Magnin, C., De Néris, M., Ambrosetti, J., Perroud, N., Poulet, E., & Prada, P. (2020). Emergency psychiatric management of borderline personality disorder: Towards an articulation of modalities for personalised integrative care. L’Encéphale, 46(6), 463-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.04.013
Besch, V., Greiner, C., Magnin, C., Néris, M. D., Ambrosetti, J., Perroud, N., Poulet, E., Debbané, M., & Prada, P. (2020). Clinical characteristics of suicidal youths and adults: A one-year retrospective study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), Article 8733. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238733
Bilsen, J. (2018). Suicide and youth: Risk factors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, Article 540. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00540
Blasco, M. J., Castellví, P., Almenara, J., Lagares, C., Roca, M., Sesé, A., Piqueras, J. A., Soto-Sanz, V., Rodríguez-Marín, J., Echeburúa, E., Gabilondo, A., Cebrià, A. I., Miranda-Mendizábal, A., Vilagut, G., Bruffaerts, R., Auerbach, R. P., Kessler, R. C., & Alonso, J. (2016). Predictive models for suicidal thoughts and behaviors among spanish university students: Rationale and methods of the UNIVERSAL (University & mental health) project. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0820-y
Bredemeier, K., & Miller, I. W. (2015). Executive function and suicidality: A systematic qualitative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 40, 170-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.005
Bryan, C. J. (2019). A preliminary validation study of two ultra‐brief measures of suicide risk: The suicide and perceived burdensomeness visual analog scales. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 49(2), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12447
Carey, T. S., & Boden, S. D. (2003). A critical guide to case series reports. Spine, 28(15), 1631-1634.
Cha, C. B., Franz, P. J., M. Guzmán, E., Glenn, C. R., Kleiman, E. M., & Nock, M. K. (2018). Annual research review: suicide among youth-epidemiology, (potential) etiology, and treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(4), 460-482. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12831
Chan M.K.Y, Bhatti, H., Meader, N., Stockton, S., Evans, J., O’Connor, R. C., Kapur, N., & Kendall, T. (2016). Predicting suicide following self- harm: Systematic review of risk factors and risk scales. British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(4), 277-283. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.170050
Chan Y., & Walmsley, R. P. (1997). Learning and understanding the Kruskal- Wallis one-way analysis-of-variance-by-ranks test for differences among three or more independent groups. Physical Therapy, 77(12), 1755-1761. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/77.12.1755
Christensen, K., Hom, M. A., Stanley, I. H., & Joiner, T. E. (2021). Reasons for living and suicide attempts among young adults with lifetime suicide ideation. Crisis, 42(3), 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000705
Crandall, A., Allsop, Y., & Hanson, C. L. (2018). The longitudinal association between cognitive control capacities, suicidality, and depression during late adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 65(1), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.03.009
Cwik, J. C., Siegmann, P., Willutzki, U., Nyhuis, P., Wolter, M., Forkmann, T., Glaesmer, H., & Teismann, T. (2017). Brief reasons for living inventory: A psychometric investigation. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1521-x
Dalziel, K., Round, A., Stein, K., Garside, R., Castelnuovo, E., & Payne, L. (2005). Do the findings of case series studies vary significantly according to methodological characteristics? Health Technology Assessment, 9(2), 1-146. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta9020
Dervic, K., Carballo, J. J., Baca-Garcia, E., Galfalvy, H. C., Mann, J. J., Brent, D. A., & Oquendo, M. A. (2011). Moral or religious objections to suicide may protect against suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(10), 1390-1396. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.09m05910gre
Ehret, B. C., Titone, M. K., Carey, C. J., Martinez, A., Chalker, S. A., Granholm, E. L., & Depp, C. A. (2023). Are all reasons for living made equally? Reasons for living and dysfunctional attitudes in psychotic disorders and bipolar I. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 96(3), 748–761. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12466
Ellis, J. B., & Lamis, D. A. (2007). Adaptive characteristics and suicidal behavior: A gender comparison of young adults. Death Studies, 31(9), 845-854. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180701537303
Forkmann, T., Glaesmer, H., Paashaus, L., Rath, D., Schönfelder, A., Stengler, K., Juckel, G., Assion, H.-J., & Teismann, T. (2020). Interpersonal theory of suicide: Prospective examination. BJPsych Open, 6(5), Article 113. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.93
Fusar-Poli, P. (2019). Integrated mental health services for the developmental period (0 to 25 Years): A critical eview of the evidence. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10(355), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00355
Gabbard, G. O. (2022). Narcissism and suicide risk. Annals of General Psychiatry, 21(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-022-00380-8
Galfalvy, H., Oquendo, M. A., Carballo, J. J., Sher, L., Grunebaum, M. F., Burke, A., & John Mann, J. (2006). Clinical predictors of suicidal acts after major depression in bipolar disorder: A prospective study. Bipolar Disorders, 8(5p2), 586-595.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00340.x
Gilbert, A. M., Garno, J. L., Braga, R. J., Shaya, Y., Goldberg, T. E., Malhotra, A. K., & Burdick, K. E. (2011). Clinical and cognitive correlates of suicide attempts in bipolar disorder: Is suicide predictable? The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(08), 1027-1033. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m06410
Gorraiz, G., Porta, G., McMakin, D. L., Kennard, B. D., Douaihy, A. B., Biernesser, C., Foxwell, A. A., Wolfe, K., Goldstein, T., & Brent, D.
A. (2023). Factors associated with reasons for living among suicidal adolescents. Archives of Suicide Research, 28(2), 471–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2023.2190367
Greiner, C., Debbané, M., Besch, V., & Prada, P. (2022). TBM-Crise: Intervention hospitalière brève basée sur la mentalisation. Santé mentale au Québec, 47(2), 221-233. https://doi.org/10.7202/1098902ar
Greiner, C., Guillot, A., Jordan, V., Emery, R., Delétraz, D., Veljanovic, A., Sarbu, A., Le Hénaff, C., & Prada, P. (2023). Prise en charge de la crise suicidaire: Mentaliser en équipe. Revue Médicale Suisse, 19(814), 319-323. https://doi.org/10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.814.319
Grimes, D. A., & Schulz, K. F. (2002). Descriptive studies: What they can and cannot do. The Lancet, 359(9301), 145-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(02)07373-7
Gysin-Maillart, A., Schwab, S., Soravia, L., Megert, M., & Michel, K. (2016). A novel brief therapy for patients who attempt suicide: A 24-months follow-up randomized controlled study of the attempted suicide short intervention program (ASSIP). PLOS Medicine, 13(3), Article e1001968. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001968
Harris, L., Chelminski, I., Dalrymple, K., Morgan, T., & Zimmerman, M. (2018). Suicide attempts and emotion regulation in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 232, 300-304. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.054
Hawton, K., Lascelles, K., Pitman, A., Gilbert, S., & Silverman, M. (2022). Assessment of suicide risk in mental health practice: Shifting from prediction to therapeutic assessment, formulation, and risk management. The Lancet Psychiatry, 9(11), 922-928. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(22)00232-2
Hayes, D., Mansfield, R., Mason, C., Santos, J., Moore, A., Boehnke, J., Ashworth, E., Moltrecht, B., Humphrey, N., Stallard, P., Patalay, P., & Deighton, J. (2023). The impact of universal, school based, interventions on help seeking in children and young people: A systematic literature review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02135-y
Heisel, M. J., Neufeld, E., & Flett, G. L. (2016). Reasons for living, meaning in life, and suicide ideation: Investigating the roles of key positive psychological factors in reducing suicide risk in community-residing older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 20(2), 195-207.
https://doi.org/10.1 080/13607863.2015.1078279
Hollander, M., A. Wolfe, D., & Chicken, E. (2014). Nonparametric statistical methods (1re éd.). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119196037
Hörz-Sagstetter, S., Diamond, D., Clarkin, J. F., Levy, K. N., Rentrop, M., Fischer-Kern, M., Cain, N. M., & Doering, S. (2018). Clinical characteristics of comorbid narcissistic personality disorder in patients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 32(4), 562-575. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2017_31_306
Innamorati, M., Pompili, M., Cavedon, G., Soccorsi, R., Mancinelli, I., Lelli, M., & Tatarelli, R. (2006). Psychometric properties of the reasons for living inventory in italian university students. Individual Differences Research, 4(1), 51-56.
Jacobs, D., & Brewer, M. (2004). APA practice guideline provides recommendations for assessing and treating patients with suicidal behaviors. Psychiatric Annals, 34(5), 373-380. https://doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-20040501-18
Jollant, F., Voegeli, G., Kordsmeier, N. C., Carbajal, J. M., Richard- Devantoy, S., Turecki, G., & Cáceda, R. (2019). A visual analog scale to measure psychological and physical pain: A preliminary validation of the PPP-VAS in two independent samples of depressed patients. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 90, 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.018
Joyal, C. C., Côté, G., Meloche, J., & Hodgins, S. (2011). Severe mental illness and aggressive behavior: on the importance of considering subgroups. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10(2), 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2011.577136
Kessler, R. C., Bossarte, R. M., Luedtke, A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Zubizarreta, J. R. (2020). Suicide prediction models: A critical review of recent research with recommendations for the way forward. Molecular Psychiatry, 25(1), 168-179. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0531-0
Kooistra, B., Dijkman, B., Einhorn, T. A., & Bhandari, M. (2009). How to design a good case series. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 91(Supplement_3), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.H.01573
Labelle, R., Lachance, L., & Morval, M. (1996). Validation d’une version canadienne-française du reasons for living inventory. Science et comportement, 24(3), 237-248.
Labouliere, C. D., Vasan, P., Kramer, A., Brown, G., Green, K., Kammer, J., Finnerty, M., & Stanley, B. (2018). «Zero Suicide» – A model for reducing suicide in United States behavioral healthcare. Suicidologi, 23(1), Article 22. https://doi.org/10.5617/suicidologi.6198
Laglaoui Bakhiyi, C., Calati, R., Guillaume, S., & Courtet, P. (2016). Do reasons for living protect against suicidal thoughts and behaviors? A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 77, 92-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.019
Laglaoui Bakhiyi, C., Jaussent, I., Beziat, S., Cohen, R., Genty, C., Kahn, J.-P., Leboyer, M., Le Vaou, P., Guillaume, S., & Courtet, P. (2017). Positive and negative life events and reasons for living modulate suicidal ideation in a sample of patients with history of suicide attempts. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 88, 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.12.022
Lamis, D. A., & Lester, D. (2013). Gender differences in risk and protective factors for suicidal ideation among college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 27(1), 62-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2013.739035
Lesage, F.-X., Berjot, S., & Deschamps, F. (2012). Clinical stress assessment using a visual analogue scale. Occupational Medicine, 62(8), 600-605. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqs140
Linehan, M. M., Goodstein, J. L., Nielsen, S. L., & Chiles, J. A. (1983). Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself : The reasons for living inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(2), 276-286.
Lizardi, D., Currier, D., Galfalvy, H., Sher, L., Burke, A., Mann, J., & Oquendo, M. (2007). Perceived reasons for living at index hospitalization and future suicide attempt. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 195(5), 451-455. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3180522661
Lizardi, D., Dervic, K., Grunebaum, M. F., Burke, A. K., Mann, J. J., & Oquendo, M. A. (2008). The role of moral objections to suicide in the assessment of suicidal patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(10), 815-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.09.007
Lizardi, D., Sher, L., Sullivan, G. M., Stanley, B., Burke, A., & Oquendo, M. A. (2009). Association between familial suicidal behavior and frequency of attempts among depressed suicide attempters. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119(5), 406-410.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600- 0447.2009.01365.x
Malone, K. M., Oquendo, M. A., Haas, G. L., Ellis, S. P., Li, S., & Mann, J. J. (2000). Protective factors against suicidal acts in major depression: Reasons for living. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(7), 1084-1088. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.7.1084
Mann, J. J., Waternaux, C., Haas, G. L., & Malone, K. M. (1999). Toward a clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(2), 181-189. https://doi.org/10.1176/ ajp.156.2.181
Marty, M. A., Segal, D. L., & Coolidge, F. L. (2010). Relationships among dispositional coping strategies, suicidal ideation, and protective factors against suicide in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 14(8), 1015-1023. Méndez-Bustos, P., Fuster-Villaseca, J., Tapia, A., & Lopez-Castroman, J. (2022). Clinical, psychological, social, and family characterization of suicidal behavior in chilean adolescents: A multiple correspondence analysis. Medwave, 22(06), Article e002567. https://doi.org/10.5867/ medwave.2022.06.002567
Miller, J. S., Segal, D. L., & Coolidge, F. L. (2001). A comparison of suicidal thinking and reasons for living among younger and older adults. Death Studies, 25(4), 357-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180126250
Millner, A. J., Robinaugh, D. J., & Nock, M. K. (2020). Advancing the understanding of suicide: The need for formal theory and rigorous descriptive research. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(9), 704-716. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.06.007
Moscardini, E. H., Oakey‐Frost, D. N., Robinson, A., Powers, J., Aboussouan, A. B., Rasmussen, S., Cramer, R. J., & Tucker, R. P. (2022). Entrapment and suicidal ideation: The protective roles of presence of life meaning and reasons for living. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 52(1), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12767
Mou, D., Kleiman, E. M., & Nock, M. K. (2020). Proposed directions for suicide research: Incorporating successful approaches from other disciplines. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(6), 659-660. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.58
Murad, M. H., Sultan, S., Haffar, S., & Bazerbachi, F. (2018). Methodological quality and synthesis of case series and case reports. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine, 23(2), 60-63. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2017-110853
Murakami, T. (2012). A Geometrical interpretation of the horseshoe effect in multiple correspondence analysis of binary data. In W. A. Gaul, A. Geyer-Schulz, L. Schmidt-Thieme, & J. Kunze (Éds.), Challenges at the Interface of Data Analysis, Computer Science, and Optimization (p. 101-108). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Nagata, T., Yamada, H., Teo, A. R., Yoshimura, C., Nakajima, T., & van Vliet, I. (2013). Comorbid social withdrawal ( hikikomori ) in outpatients with social anxiety disorder: Clinical characteristics and treatment response in a case series. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 59(1), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764011423184
Neacsiu, A. D., Fang, C. M., Rodriguez, M., & Rosenthal, M. Z. (2018). Suicidal behavior and problems with emotion regulation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48(1), 52-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/ sltb.12335
Oakey-Frost, N., Cowan, T., Moscardini, E. H., Pardue-Bourgeois, S., De Beurs, D., Cohen, A., Bryan, C. J., & Tucker, R. P. (2022). Examining the interrelationships among suicide cognitions, suicidal ideation, and theoretically derived protective factors. Archives of Suicide Research, 27(3), 984-1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2022.2096521
O’Connor, R. C., & Kirtley, O. J. (2018). The integrated motivational– volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1754), Article 20170268. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0268
O’Connor, R. C., & Nock, M. K. (2014). The psychology of suicidal behaviour. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(1), 73-85.
https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2215-0366(14)70222-6
Oquendo, M. A., Bongiovi-Garcia, M. E., Galfalvy, H., Goldberg, P. H., Grunebaum, M. F., Burke, A. K., & Mann, J. J. (2007). Sex differences in clinical predictors of suicidal acts after major depression : A prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(1), 134-141.
Oquendo, M. A., Galfalvy, H., Russo, S., Ellis, S. P., Grunebaum, M. F., Burke, A., & Mann, J. J. (2004). Prospective study of clinical predictors of suicidal acts after a major depressive episode in patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1433-1441.
Osman, A., Gifford, J., Jones, T., Lickiss, L., Osman, J., & Wenzel, R. (1993). psychometric evaluation of the reasons for living inventory. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 154-158.
Osman, A., Gregg, C. L., Osman, J. R., & Jones, K. (1992). Factor structure and reliability of the reasons for living inventory. Psychological Reports, 70(1), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1037/t02526-000
Osman, A., Jones, K., & Osman, J. R. (1991). The reasons for living inventory: Psychometric properties. Psychological Reports, 69(1), 271-278.
Osman, A., Kopper, B. A., Linehan, M. M., Barrios, F. X., Gutierrez, P. M., & Bagge, C. L. (1999). Validation of the adult suicidal ideation questionnaire and the reasons for living inventory in an adult psychiatric inpatient sample. Psychological Assessment, 11(2), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1037/t03904-000 Paris, J. (2002). Chronic suicidality among patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatric Services, 53(6), 738-742. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.53.6.738
Pinto, A., Whisman, M. A., & Conwell, Y. (1998). Reasons for living in a clinical sample of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 21(4), 397-405. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1998.0173
Pompili, M. (Éd.). (2018). Phenomenology of Suicide. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47976-7
Pompili, M., Girardi, P., Tatarelli, R., Lester, D., & Rogers, J. R. (2007). Reasons for living inventory: cross-cultural construct validity. Psychological Reports, 100, 1259-1262.
Pompili, M., Innamorati, M., Lester, D., Brunetti, S., Tatarelli, R., & Girardi, P. (2007). Gender effects among undergraduates relating to suicide risk, impulsivity, aggression and self-efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(8), 2047-2056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.019
Ponzoni, S., Beomonte Zobel, S., Rogier, G., & Velotti, P. (2021). Emotion dysregulation acts in the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and suicidal ideation. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 62(4), 468-475. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12730
Puddephatt, J.-A., Jones, A., Gage, S. H., Fear, N. T., Field, M., McManus, S., McBride, O., & Goodwin, L. (2021). Associations of alcohol use, mental health and socioeconomic status in England: Findings from a representative population survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 219, Article 108463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108463
Rich, A. R., Kirkpatrick-Smith, J., Bonner, R. L., & Jans, F. (1992). Gender differences in the psychosocial correlates of suicidal ideation among adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 22(3), 364-373.
Richard-Devantoy, S., Bouyer-Richard, A.-I., Annweiler, C., Gourevitch, R., Jollant, F., Olie, J.-P., Bourdel, M.-C., Lhuillier, J.-P., & Beauchet, O. (2016). Major mental disorders, gender, and criminological circumstances of homicide. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 39, 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2016.01.014
Ronconi, L., Testoni, I., & Zamperini, A. (2009). Validation of the italian version of the reasons for living inventory. TPM, 16(3), 155-159.
Ronningstam, E., & Maltsberger, J. (1998). Pathological narcissism and sudden suicide‐related collapse. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 28(3), 261-271.
Ronningstam, E., Weinberg, I., Goldblatt, M., Schechter, M., & Herbstman, B. (2018). Suicide and self-regulation in narcissistic personality disorder. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 46(4), 491-510. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2018.46.4.491
Scardera, S., Perret, L. C., Ouellet-Morin, I., Gariépy, G., Juster, R.-P., Boivin, M., Turecki, G., Tremblay, R. E., Côté, S., & Geoffroy, M.-C. (2020). Association of social support during adolescence with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation in young adults. JAMA Network Open, 3(12), Article e2027491. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27491
Schuck, A., Calati, R., Barzilay, S., Bloch‐Elkouby, S., & Galynker, I. (2019). Suicide crisis syndrome: A review of supporting evidence for a new suicide‐specific diagnosis. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 37(3), 223-239. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2397
Segal, D. L., & Needham, T. N. (2007). An exploration of gender differences on the reasons for living inventory among older adults. Death Studies, 31(6), 573-581. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180701357033
Tillman, J. G., Clemence, A. J., Hopwood, C. J., Lewis, K. C., & Stevens, J. L. (2017). Suicidality in high-risk psychiatric patients: The contribution of protective factors. Psychiatry, 80(4), 357-373. https://doi.org/10.1080/0033 2747.2017.1296309
Torres-Duque, C. A., Maria Patino, C., & Carvalho Ferreira, J. (2020). Case series: An essential study design to build knowledge and pose hypotheses for rare and new diseases. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, 46(4), Article e20200389.
https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20200389
Tsypes, A., Kaurin, A., Wright, A. G. C., Hallquist, M. N., & Dombrovski, A. Y. (2022). Protective effects of reasons for living against suicidal ideation in daily life. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 148, 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.060
Turecki, G., Brent, D. A., Gunnell, D., O’Connor, R. C., Oquendo, M. A., Pirkis, J., & Stanley, B. H. (2019). Suicide and suicide risk. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 5(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0121-0
Van Heeringen, K., & Mann, J. J. (2014). The neurobiology of suicide. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70220-2
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575-600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697
Vanzyl, M., Phan, P., Fee, C., & Khiv, S. (2022). Reasons for living as a strength-based approach to suicide prevention. In M. Pompili (Éd.), Suicide Risk Assessment and Prevention. Springer International Publishing (pp. 97-117). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42003-1-12 Walker, R. L., Alabi, D., Roberts, J., & Obasi, E. M. (2010). Ethnic group differences in reasons for living and the moderating role of cultural worldview. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(3), 372-378. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019720
Waller, G., Tatham, M., Turner, H., Mountford, V. A., Bennetts, A., Bramwell, K., Dodd, J., & Ingram, L. (2018). A 10-session cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-T) for eating disorders : Outcomes from a case series of nonunderweight adult patients. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(3), 262-269. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22837
Walter, M., & Genest, P. (2006). Réalités des urgences en psychiatrie. L’information psychiatrique, 82(7), 565-570. https://doi.org/10.3917/inpsy.8207.0565
Wang, M.-C., Joel Wong, Y., Tran, K. K., Nyutu, P. N., & Spears, A. (2013). Reasons for living, social support, and afrocentric worldview: Assessing buffering factors elated to black americans’ suicidal behavior. Archives of Suicide Research, 17(2), 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2013.776454
World Health Organization. (2021). Suicide worldwide in 2019: Global health estimates.