Abstract
Background: Sexting is a phenomenon that has transformed people’s sexual interactions. Nevertheless, few studies have assessed these changes over time. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in behaviors, motivations and attitudes towards sexting between two groups of young people assessed at two different times: 2017 (Sexting group; SG17) and 2023 (Sexting group; SG23). Method: The Sexting Behaviors Scale, Sexting Motivations Scale, and Sexting Attitudes Scale were administered to 1246 Spanish youths (51.4% female and 48.6% male) aged 17-25 years (M = 20.36, SD = 2.45). Results: SG23 shared sexual images or messages on social networks more frequently and reported a higher frequency in eight of the ten assessed motivations for practice sexting. Being part of SG23 was also associated with an increased tendency to hold a positive attitude towards sexting within the context of a relationship and a reduced perception of the associated risks. Conclusions: This study highlights the swift evolution of sexual trends in the digital era. It is essential to understand these changes in order to design up-to-date preventive strategies aimed at mitigating potential adverse effects of sexting on mental health.
References
Abalo-Rodríguez, I., Alario-Gavilán, M., Andrés-López, N., Arévalo-Saiz, L., Gálvez-Delgado, E., & Pardo-Cebrián, R. (2023). El consumo de pornografía en varones heterosexuales como contexto de aprendizaje [Pornography use among heterosexual men as a learning contex]. Journal of Feminist, Gender and Women Studies, 15, 5-35. https://doi.org/10.15366/jfgws2023.15.001
Ahern, N., & Mechling, B. (2013). Sexting: Serious problems for youth. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services, 51(7), 22- 30. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20130503-02
Ballester-Arnal, R., García-Barba, M., Elipe-Miravet, M., Castro-Calvo, J., & Gil-Llario, M. D. (2024). Changes in online sexual activities during the lockdown caused by COVID-19 in Spain: “INSIDE” project. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-024-00987-4
Ballester-Arnal, R., Gil-Llario, M., Giménez-García, C., Castro-Calvo, J., & Cardenas-López, G. (2017). Sexuality in the Internet era: Expressions of Hispanic adolescent and young people. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 24(3), 140-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2017.1329041
Ballester-Arnal, R., Nebot-Garcia, J. E., Ruiz-Palomino, E., García-Barba, M., Fernández-García, O., & Gil-Llario, M. D. (2023). Sexual life of Spanish women during the lockdown by COVID-19: Differences according to sexual orientation? Women’s Studies International Forum, 98, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102719
Ballester-Arnal, R., Nebot-Garcia, J., Ruiz-Palomino, E., Giménez-García, C., & Gil-Llario, M. (2021). “INSIDE” project on sexual health in Spain: Sexual life during the lockdown caused by COVID-19. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 18(4), 1023-1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-020-00506-1
Barrense-Dias, Y., Berchtold, A., Surís, J. C., & Akre, C. (2017). Sexting and the definition issue. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 61(5), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.009
Barrense-Dias, Y., Surís, J. C., & Akre, C. (2019). “When it deviates it becomes harassment, doesn’t it?” A qualitative study on the definition of sexting according to adolescents and young adults, parents, and teachers. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(8), 2357-2366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1358-5
Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Lonigro, A., Pompili, S., Zammuto, M., Di Tata, D., Morelli, M., Chirumbolo, A., Di Norcia, A., Cannoni, E., Longobardi, E., & Laghi, F. (2021). Love in quarantine: Sexting, stress, and coping during the covid-19 lockdown. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 20(2), 465-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00645-z
Champion, A. R., & Pedersen, C. L. (2015). Investigating differences between sexters and non-sexters on attitudes, subjective norms, and risky sexual behaviours. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 24(3), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.243-A5
Confalonieri, E., Cuccì, G., Olivari, M. G., Parise, M., Borroni, E., & Villani, D. (2020). What are you sexting? Parental practices, sexting attitudes and behaviors among Italian adolescents. BMC Psychology, 8, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00425-1
Cooper, K., Quayle, E., Jonsson, L., & Svedin, C. G. (2016). Adolescents and self-taken sexual images: A review of the literature. Computers in Human Behavior, 55(Part B), 706–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.003
Dir, A. L., Cyders, M. A., & Coskunpinar, A. (2013). From the bar to the bed via mobile phone: A first test of the role of problematic alcohol use, sexting, and impulsivity-related traits in sexual hookups. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1664–1670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.039
Doyle, C., Douglas, E., & O’Reilly, G. (2021). The outcomes of sexting for children and adolescents: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Adolescence, 92, 86–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.08.009
Drouin, M., & Tobin, E. (2014). Unwanted but consensual sexting among young adults: Relations with attachment and sexual motivations. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 412-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.11.001
Fernández, R. (2024, February 22). OnlyFans - Datos estadísticos [OnlyFans – Statistical data]. Statista. https://es.statista.com/temas/11954/onlyfans/#topicOverview
Gámez-Guadix, M., Almendros, C., Borrajo, E., & Calvete, E. (2015). Prevalence and association of sexting and online sexual victimization among Spanish adults. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 12(2), 145- 154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-015-0186-9
Gámez-Guadix, M., de Santisteban, P., & Resett, S. (2017). Sexting among Spanish adolescents: prevalence and personality profiles. Psicothema, 29(1), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.222
Gil-Llario, M., Gil-Juliá, B., Morell-Mengual, V., Cárdenas-López, G., & Ballester-Arnal, R. (2021). Analysis of demographic, psychological and cultural aspects associated with the practice of sexting in Mexican and Spanish adolescents. International Journal of Intercultural Relations: IJIR, 82, 197-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.03.013
Gil-Llario, M. D., Morell-Mengual, V., Giménez-García, C., & Ballester- Arnal, R. (2020a). The phenomenon of sexting among Spanish teenagers: Prevalence, attitudes, motivations and explanatory variables. Anales de Psicología, 36(2), 210–219. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.390481
Gil-Llario, M. D., Morell-Mengual, V., Jiménez-Martínez, M. C., Iglesias- Campos, P., Gil-Julia, B., & Ballester-Arnal, R. (2020b). Culture as an influence on sexting attitudes and behaviors: A differential analysis comparing adolescents from Spain and Colombia. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 79, 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.08.010
Giménez-García, C., Ruiz-Palomino, E., Gil-Llario, M., & Ballester-Arnal, R. (2020). Online sexual activities in hispanic women: A chance for non-heterosexual women? Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 25(1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.25399
Greer, K. M., Cary, K. M., Maas, M. K., Drouin, M., & Cornelius T.L. (2022). Differences between gender and relationship status in motivations and consequences of consensual sexting among emerging adults. Sexuality & Culture, 26, 1432–1451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-022-09952-y
Hession, A. (2023, December 13). Updating our approach to sexual content and content classification labels. Twitch. https://safety.twitch.tv/s/article/Updating-our-Approach-to-Sexual-Content-and-Content-Classification-Labels?language=en_US
Houck, C. D., Barker, D., Rizzo, C., Hancock, E., Norton, A., & Brown, L.K. (2014). Sexting and sexual behavior in at-risk adolescents. Pediatrics, 133(2), e276–e282. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1157
Hudson, H. K., & Marshall, S. A. (2018). Consequences and predictors of sexting among selected southern undergraduates. International Journal of Sexual Health, 30(1), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2017.1404540
Kang, K., Xu, X., Dong, R., & Tian, G. (2024). The risk perception of COVID-19 and pandemic-related behaviors: A moderated mediation model of political trust and self-efficacy. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 29(3), 514–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2023.2197648
Klettke, B., Hallford, D. J., & Mellor, D. J. (2014). Sexting prevalence and correlates: a systematic literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(1), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.007
Le, L., Goegan, L. D., & Daniels, L. M. (2023). The impact of autonomous and controlled sexting motivations on subjective well-being and relationship quality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(1), 243-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02361-0
Lehmiller, J. J., Garcia, J. R., Gesselman, A. N., & Mark, K. P. (2020). Less sex, but more sexual diversity: Changes in sexual behavior during the COVID-19 Coronavirus pandemic. Leisure Sciences, 43(1-2), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1774016
Molla-Esparza, C., López-González, E., & Losilla, J. M. (2021). Sexting prevalence and socio-demographic correlates in Spanish secondary school students. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 18(1), 97-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-020-00434-0
Mori, C., Cooke, J. E., Temple, J. R., Ly, A., Lu, Y., Anderson, N., Rash, C., & Madigan, S. (2020). The prevalence of sexting behaviors among emerging adults: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(4), 1103–1119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01656-4
Mori, C., Park, J., Temple, J. R., & Madigan, S. (2022).Are youth sexting rates still on the rise? A meta-analytic update. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(4), 531–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.10.026
Nebot-Garcia, J. E., Ballester-Arnal, R., Ruiz-Palomino, E., Elipe-Miravet, M., & Gil-Llario, M. D. (2023). Differences in the sexual life of Spanish men during the COVID-19 lockdown by sexual orientation. Psicothema, 35(3), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2022.387
Rice, E., Rhoades, H., Winetrobe, H., Sanchez, M., Montoya, J., Plant, A., & Kordic, T. (2012). Sexually explicit cell phone messaging associated with sexual risk among adolescents. Pediatrics, 130(4), 667–673. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0021
Rodríguez-Castro, Y., Alonso-Ruido, P., González-Fernández, A., Lameiras-Fernández, M., & Carrera-Fernández, M. V. (2017). Spanish adolescents’ attitudes towards sexting: Validation of a scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.049
Ruiz-Palomino, E., Ballester-Arnal, R., Giménez-García, C., & Gil-Llario, M.D. (2021). Influence of beliefs about romantic love on the justification of abusive behaviors among early adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 92, 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.09.001
Van Ouytsel, J., Van Gool, E., Walrave, M., Ponnet, K., & Peeters, E. (2017). Sexting: Adolescents’ perceptions of the applications used for, motives for, and consequences of sexting. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(4), 446-470. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2016.1241865
Van Ouytsel, J., Walrave, M., Ponnet, K., & Temple, J. R. (2019). Sexting. In, R. Hobbs & P. Mihailidis (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of media literacy (pp. 1-6). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0219
Weisskirch, R. S., & Delevi, R. (2011). “Sexting” and adult romantic attachment.Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1697-1701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.008
Wright, M. F., & Wachs, S. (2024). Longitudinal associations between different types of sexting, adolescent mental health, and sexual risk behaviors: Moderating effects of gender, ethnicity, disability status, and sexual minority status. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 53(3), 1115–1128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-023-02764-7
X Corp. (2024, May). Adult content. https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/media-policy