The labour market trade-offs of pet ownership

Authors

  • Robbie Maris University of Waikato
  • Michael P. Cameron University of Waikato

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17811/ebl.12.1.2023.75-84

Keywords:

Pet ownership, Labour mobility

Abstract

Pets are an important part of many peoples’ lives, and provide mental, physical and emotional benefits. However, the costs of pet ownership have received little attention. We investigate the association between pet ownership and wage income using data from the 2018 General Social Survey. We hypothesise that pet ownership may negatively influence income by lowering labour mobility and positively influence income by garnering valuable psychosocial attributes. We analyse interactions between pet ownership and education, pet ownership and housing tenure, and pet ownership and race to further investigate the potential labour mobility channel. Overall, we find that pet ownership decreases wage income and that these negative effects are larger for groups where mobility effects are likely higher.

References

Amior, M. (2015). Why are higher skilled workers more mobile geographically? The role of the job surplus. CEP Discussion Paper No. 1338. Centre for Economic Performance, LSE. https://cep.lse.ac.uk/_new/publications/abstract.asp?index=4595

Anderson, W. P., Reid, C. M., & Jennings, G. L. (1992). Pet ownership and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The Medical Journal of Australia, 157(5), 298–301.

Applebaum, J. W., Peek, C. W., & Zsembik, B. A. (2020). Examining U.S. pet ownership using the General Social Survey. The Social Science Journal, 0(0), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2020.1728507

Bao, K. J., & Schreer, G. (2016). Pets and Happiness: Examining the Association between Pet Ownership and Wellbeing. Anthrozoös, 29(2), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2016.1152721

Blocker, T. J., & Eckberg, D. L. (1997). Gender and Environmentalism: Results from the 1993 General Social Survey. Social Science Quarterly, 78(4), 841–858.

Bradshaw, D. (1989). Higher Education, Personal Qualities and Employment: Teamwork. Oxford Review of Education, 15(1), 55–71.

Burt, R. S. (1984). Network items and the general social survey. Social Networks, 6(4), 293–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(84)90007-8

Carlsson, M., & Eriksson, S. (2014). Discrimination in the rental market for apartments. Journal of Housing Economics, 23, 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2013.11.004

Cochrane, W., & Poot, J. (2020). Did the post-1986 decline in the homeownership rate benefit the New Zealand labour market? A spatial-econometric exploration. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 4(1), 261–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-020-00148-6

Fischer, M. J., & Massey, D. S. (2004). The Ecology of Racial Discrimination. City & Community, 3(3), 221–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00079.x

Ghayad, R., & Dickens, W. T. (2012). What Can We Learn by Disaggregating the Unemployment-Vacancy Relationship? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2285075

Global Pet Relocation. (2021). Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.globalpetrelocation.com/faqs-pet-relocation

Graham, T. M., Milaney, K. J., Adams, C. L., & Rock, M. J. (2018). “Pets Negotiable”: How Do the Perspectives of Landlords and Property Managers Compare with Those of Younger Tenants with Dogs? Animals, 8(3), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8030032

Holzer, H. J. (1994). Black Employment Problems: New Evidence, Old Questions. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 13(4), 699–722. https://doi.org/10.2307/3325494

Jennings, L. B. (1997). Potential Benefits of Pet Ownership in Health Promotion. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 15(4), 358–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/089801019701500404

Machin, S., Salvanes, K. G., & Pelkonen, P. (2012). Education and Mobility. Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(2), 417–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01048.x

Malamud, O., & Wozniak, A. (2012). The Impact of College on Migration: Evidence from the Vietnam Generation. The Journal of Human Resources, 47(4), 913–950.

McNicholas, J., Gilbey, A., Rennie, A., Ahmedzai, S., Dono, J.-A., & Ormerod, E. (2005). Pet ownership and human health: A brief review of evidence and issues. BMJ, 331(7527), 1252–1254. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7527.1252

Mincer, J. (1958). Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution. Journal of Political Economy, 66(4), 281–302.

Moretti, E. (2011). Local labor markets. In D. Card & O. Ashenfelter (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics (Vol. 4B, pp. 1237–1313). Elsevier.

NORC. (2019). General Social Surveys, 1973-2018: Cumulative codebook. https://gss.norc.org/documents/codebook/gss_codebook.pdf

Ondrich, J., Stricker, A., & Yinger, J. (1999). Do Landlords Discriminate? The Incidence and Causes of Racial Discrimination in Rental Housing Markets. Journal of Housing Economics, 8(3), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhec.1999.0249

Pilar de Luis Carnicer, M., Martínez Sánchez, A., Pérez Pérez, M., & José Vela Jiménez, M. (2004). Analysis of internal and external labour mobility: A model of job‐related and non‐related factors. Personnel Review, 33(2), 222–240. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480410518068

Power, A. (2016, August 16). As pet owners suffer rental insecurity, perhaps landlords should think again. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/as-pet-owners-suffer-rental-insecurity-perhaps-landlords-should-think-again-63275

Rogerson, R., Shimer, R., & Wright, R. (2005). Search-Theoretic Models of the Labor Market: A Survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 43(4), 959–988. https://doi.org/10.1257/002205105775362014

Serpell, J. (1991). Beneficial Effects of Pet Ownership on Some Aspects of Human Health and Behaviour. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 84(12), 717–720. https://doi.org/10.1177/014107689108401208

Sharkin, B., & Knox, D. (2003). Pet Loss: Issues and Implications for the Psychologist. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34, 414–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.34.4.414

South, S. J., & Deane, G. D. (1993). Race and Residential Mobility: Individual Determinants and Structural Constraints*. Social Forces, 72(1), 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/72.1.147

Thompson, K., Every, D., Rainbird, S., Cornell, V., Smith, B., & Trigg, J. (2014). No Pet or Their Person Left Behind: Increasing the Disaster Resilience of Vulnerable Groups through Animal Attachment, Activities and Networks. Animals, 4(2), 214–240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani4020214

Downloads

Published

26-03-2023

How to Cite

Maris, R., & Cameron, M. P. (2023). The labour market trade-offs of pet ownership. Economics and Business Letters, 12(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.17811/ebl.12.1.2023.75-84

Issue

Section

Articles