Resumen
Antecedentes: La proliferación del sexting entre los adolescentes que crecen actualmente alrededor del mundo ha
tejido un complejo entramado de expresión y exploración sexual. Sin embargo, sus implicaciones van más allá de
la participación consentida, manifestándose en ocasiones como una forma de ciberviolencia. Las diferencias en la
prevalencia dificultan aún más la comprensión del sexting juvenil a nivel mundial. Por ello, este estudio pretende
proporcionar una herramienta para medir el sexting en jóvenes de diferentes países, validando el SBM-Q, un
instrumento exhaustivo que recoge la diversidad de comportamientos y motivos de sexting, con y sin consentimiento,
en diferentes países. Método: Participaron 4739 estudiantes, de 15 a 25 años, de España (1563), Croacia (1598)
y Bosnia y Herzegovina (1578). Se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorio y análisis multigrupo. Resultados:
se confirmó la validez del instrumento, respaldando su estructura de seis factores, que abarca las dimensiones de
envío, razones para enviar, víctimización de reenvío sin consentimiento, recepción, reenvío y razones para reenviar. La
consistencia interna en los tres países subraya la solidez del SBM-Q. Conclusiones: Este cuestionario proporciona una
medida fiable para comprender los comportamientos y motivaciones de los jóvenes para realizar sexting en diferentes
países. Se discuten los matices culturales
Citas
Barrense-Dias, Y., Akre, C., Auderset, D., Leeners, B., Morselli, D., & Surís, J.C. (2020). Non-consensual sexting: characteristics and motives of youths who share received-intimate content without consent. Sexual Health, 17(3), 270-278. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH19201
Barrense-Dias, Y., Berchtold, A., Suris, J. C., & Akre, C. (2017). Sexting and the definition issue. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(5), 544-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.009
Baumgartner, S. E., Sumter, S. R., Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2015). Sexual self-presentation on social network sites: Who does it and how is it perceived? Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2015.03.061
Baumgartner, S. E., Sumter, S. R., Peter, J., Valkenburg, P. M., & Livingstone, S. (2014). Does country context matter? Investigating the predictors of teen sexting across Europe. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 157-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2014.01.041
Beckmeyer, J. J., Herbenick, D., Fu, T. C., Dodge, B., Reece, M., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2019). Characteristics of adolescent sexting: Results from the 2015 national survey of sexual health and behavior. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 45(8), 767-780. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2019.1613463
Bentler, P. M. (2006). EQS 6 Structural Equations Program Manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
Bonilla, S., McGinley, M., & Lamb, S. (2021). Sexting, power, and patriarchy: Narratives of sexting from a college population. New Media & Society, 23(5), 1099-1116. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820909517
Brighi, A., Amadori, A., Summerer, K., & Menin, D. (2023). Prevalence and risk factors for nonconsensual distribution of intimate images among Italian young adults: Implications for prevention and intervention. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 23(4), Article 100414. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJCHP.2023.100414
Bryant, F. B., & Satorra, A. (2012). Principles and practice of scaled difference chi-square testing. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 19(3), 372-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2012.687671
Casas, J. A., Ojeda, M., Elipe, P., & Del Rey, R. (2019). Exploring which factors contribute to teens’ participation in sexting. Computers in Human Behavior, 100, 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.010
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
Choi, H. J., Van Ouytsel, J., & Temple, J. R. (2016). Association between sexting and sexual coercion among female adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 53(1), 164-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.10.005
Cooper, K., Quayle, E., Jonsson, L., & Svedin, C. G. (2016). Adolescents and self-taken sexual images: A review of the literature. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 706-716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.003
Del Rey, R., Ojeda, M., & Casas, J. A. (2021). Validation of the sexting behavior and motives questionnaire (SBM-Q). Psicothema, 33(2), 287-295. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.207
Dickinson, E. R., Adelson, J. L., & Owen, J. (2012). Gender balance, representativeness, and statistical power in sexuality research using undergraduate student samples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(2), 325-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9887-1
Dir, A. L. (2012). Understanding sexting behaviors, sexting expectancies, and the role of impulsivity in sexting behaviors [Master’s thesis, Purdue University]. ScholarWorks Indianapolis. https://scholarworks.iupui. edu/handle/1805/3358
Dodaj, A., Sesar, K., & Jerinić, S. (2020). A Prospective Study of High- School Adolescent Sexting Behavior and Psychological Distress. The Journal of Psychology, 154(2), 111-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2019.1666788
Dodaj, A., Sesar, K., & Novak, T. (2022). A cross-cultural examination of the sexting motives and attitudes: Bosnia and Herzegovina vs. Croatia. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2022(1), Article 7606949. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7606949
Douglass C. H., Wright C. J. C., Davis A. C., & Lim M. S. C. (2020). Non- consensual sharing of personal sexually explicit imagery among young people in Australia: results from an online survey. Sexual Health, 17(2), 182-186. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH19147
Esparza, C. M., Nájera, P., López-González, E., & Losilla, J. M. (2020). Development and validation of the adolescent sexting scale (A-SextS) with a Spanish sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), Article 8042. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH17218042
Fajardo, M. I., Gordillo, M., & Regalado, A. B. (2013). Sexting: Nuevos usos de la tecnología y la sexualidad en adolescentes [Sexting: New uses of technology and sexuality in adolescents]. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 1(1), 521-534. https://bit.ly/2U5tmQq
Fernández, I., Zubieta, E., & Páez, D. (2000). Expresión e inhibición emocional en diferentes culturas [Emotional expression and inhibition in different cultures]. In D. Páez & M. M. Casullo (Eds.), Cultura y Alexitimia: ¿cómo expresamos aquello que sentimos? [Culture and Alexithymia: how do we express what we feel?] (pp. 73-98). Paidós.
Flora, D. B., & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 466-491. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082- 989X.9.4.466
Galanis, P., Katsiroumpa, Z., Katsiroumpa, A., Tsakalaki, A., & Vasilopoulos, S. (2023). Translation and validation of the “Sexting Motivation Questionnaire” in Greek. Archives of Hellenic Medicine, 40(5), 662-667. https://www.mednet.gr/archives/2023-5/662abs.html
Gámez-Guadix, M., & Mateos-Pérez, E. (2019). Longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between sexting, online sexual solicitations, and cyberbullying among minors. Computers in Human Behavior, 94, 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.004
Gassó, A. M., Agustina, J. R., & Goméz-Durán, E. (2021). Cross-cultural differences in sexting practices between American and Spanish university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), Article 2058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ IJERPH18042058
Gewirtz-Meydan, A., Mitchell, K. J., & Rothman, E. F. (2018). What do kids think about sexting? Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 256-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.007
Gil-Llario, M. D., Morell-Mengual, V., Giménez García, C., & Ballester- Arnal, R. (2020). El fenómeno del sexting entre los adolescentes españoles: prevalencia, actitudes, motivaciones y variables explicativas [The sexting phenomenon among Spanish adolescents: prevalence, attitudes, motivations and explanatory variables]. Anales de Psicología, 36(2), 210-219. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.390481
Gobel, M. S., Benet-Martinez, V., Mesquita, B., & Uskul, A. K. (2018). Europe’s culture(s): Negotiating cultural meanings, values, and identities in the European context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(6), 858-867. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118779144
Holfeld, B., Mishna, F., Craig, W., & Zuberi, S. (2023). A latent profile analysis of the consensual and non-consensual sexting experiences among Canadian adolescents. Youth & Society, 56(4), 713-733. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X231202814
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Jiménez-Ríos, F. J., González-Gijón, G., Martínez-Heredia, N., & Amaro Agudo, A. (2023). Sex education and comprehensive health education in the future of educational professionals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), Article 3296. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH20043296
Kalish, R. (2023). Sexting in a post-feminist society: Balancing agentic empowerment and the sexual double standard. Women’s Studies International Forum, 98, Article 102726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. wsif.2023.102726
Kazneni zakon u Republici Hrvatskoj (NN 84/21), na snazi od 12.10.2023, Članak 144.a. [Criminal Code of the Republic of Croatia (NN 84/21), in force since 12 October 2023, Article 144.a.]. https://www.zakon. hr/z/98/Kazneni-zakon
Klarin, M., Pororoković, A., Šimić Šašić, S., & Arnaudova, V. (2012). Some characteristics of social interactions among adolescents in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 5, 163-172. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM. S36389
Kopecký, K. (2015). Sexting among Slovak pubescents and adolescent children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 203, 244-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.289
Lapinski, M. K., & Rimal, R. N. (2005). An explication of social norms. Communication Theory, 15(2), 127-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.14682885.2005.TB00329.X
Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Código Penal, 281 [Organic Law 10/1995 of 23 November 1995 on the Penal Code, 281]. https:// www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1995-25444
Madigan, S., Ly, A., Rash, C. L., Van Ouytsel, J., & Temple, J. R. (2018). Prevalence of multiple forms of sexting behavior among youth. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(4), 327-335. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jamapediatrics.2017.5314
Maes, C., Van Ouytsel, J., & Vandenbosch, L. (2023). Victim blaming and non-consensual forwarding of sexts among late adolescents and young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4), 1767-1783. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10508-023-02537-2
Maheux, A. J., Evans, R., Widman, L., Nesi, J., Prinstein, M. J., & Choukas-Bradley, S. (2020). Popular peer norms and adolescent sexting behavior. Journal of adolescence, 78, 62-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. adolescence.2019.12.002
Molla-Esparza, C., Nájera, P., López-González, E., & Losilla, J. M. (2023). Sexting behavior predictors vary with addressee and the explicitness of the sexts. Youth & Society, 55(4), 749-771. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X231158138
Mori, C., Park, J., Temple, J. R., & Madigan, S. (2022).Are youth sexting rates still on the rise? A meta-analytic update. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(4), 531-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2021.10.026
Naezer, M., & van Oosterhout, L. (2020). Only sluts love sexting youth, sexual norms and non-consensual sharing of digital sexual images. Journal of Gender Studies, 30(1), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/0958 9236.2020.1799767
Ojeda, M., Del Rey, R., & Hunter, S. C. (2019). Longitudinal relationships between sexting and involvement in both bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of Adolescence, 77, 81-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. adolescence.2019.10.003
Ojeda, M., Dodaj, A., Sesar, K., & Del Rey, R. (2022). “Some voluntarily and some under pressure”: Conceptualization, reasons, attitudes, and consequences of sexting among adolescents. Telematics and Informatics, 75, Article 101891. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TELE.2022.101891
Orben, A. (2020). Teenagers, screens and social media: A narrative review of reviews and key studies. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(4), 407-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01825-4
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2019). It is time to teach safe sexting. Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(2), 140-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.10.010
Penado, M., Rodicio-García, M. L., Marcos Cuesta, M., & Corrás, T. (2019). Construction and validation of the intimate images diffusion scale among adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1485. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01485
Pérez-Domínguez, M. E. (2020). Digital communication between pleasure and danger: a feminist reading of youth sexting. Comunicación y sociedad, 17, Article e7432. https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v2020.7432
Picken, N. (2020). Sexuality education across the European Union - An overview. European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication- detail/-/publication/5724b7d8-764f-11eb-9ac9-01aa75ed71a1/ language-en
Podrug, N., Filipović, D., & Stančić, I. (2014). Analysis of cultural differences between Croatia, Brazil, Germany and Serbia. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 27(1), 818-829. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2014.974915
Rodríguez-Castro, Y., Alonso-Ruido, P., González-Fernández, A., Lameiras-Fernández, M., & Carrera-Fernández, M. V. (2017). Spanish adolescents’ attitudes towards sexting: Validation of a scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.049
Rodríguez-Castro, Y., Alonso-Ruido, P., González-Fernández, A., Lameiras-Fernández, M. & Faílde-Garrido, J. (2021). Validación de la Escala de Comportamientos de Sexting en Adolescentes: Prevalencia y Consecuencias Asociadas [Validation of the Adolescent Sexting Behavior Scale: Prevalence and Associated Consequences]. Psicología Educativa, 27(2), 177-185. https://doi.org/10.5093/psed2021a9
Sánchez-Jiménez, V., Rodríguez-deArriba, M. L., Stefanelli, F., & Nocentini, A. (2023). Cyber Dating Violence Instrument for Teens (CyDAV-T): Dimensional structure and relative item discrimination. Psicothema, 35(2), 189-201. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2022.196
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2010). Ensuring Positiveness of the Scaled Difference Chi-square Test Statistic. Psychometrika 75, 243–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-009-9135-y
Schokkenbroek, J. M., Ponnet, K., Van Ouytsel, J., Walrave, M., & Hardyns, W. (2023). Receive, forward, repeat: The link between sexting intention, sexting attitudes, and non-consensual sexting behaviours. Telematics and Informatics, 84, Article 102036. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TELE.2023.102036
Strassberg, D. S., Cann, D., & Velarde, V. (2017). Sexting by high school students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(6), 1667-1672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0926-9
Štulhofer, A., Dokmanović, M., Ajduković, D., Božičević, I., & Kufrin, K. (2005). Seksualnost mladih u Hrvatskoj: simboličke i bihevioralne promjene od 1972. do 2005 [Youth sexuality in Croatia: symbolic and behavioral changes from 1972 to 2005]. Pedagogijska Istraživanja, 2(2), 327-341.
Sweeny, J., & Slack, J. (2017). Sexting as ‘sexual behavior’ under rape shield laws. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 11(2), 246- 260. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1037401
Symons, K., Ponnet, K., Walrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2018). Sexting scripts in adolescent relationships: Is sexting becoming the norm? New Media & Society, 20(10), 3836-3857. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818761869 Temple, J. R., & Choi, H, J. (2014). Longitudinal association between teen sexting and sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 134(5), 1287-1292. https://doi.org/doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1974
van Oosten, J. M. F., & Vandenbosch, L. (2020). Predicting the willingness to engage in non-consensual forwarding of sexts: the role of pornography and instrumental notions of sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 1121- 1132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01580-2
Van Ouytsel, J. (2020). A decade of sexting research are we any wiser? JAMA Pediatrics, 174(2), Article 204. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4562
Van Ouytsel, J., Punyanunt-Carter, N. M., Walrave, M., & Ponnet, K. (2020). Sexting within young adults’ dating and romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 36, 55-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. copsyc.2020.04.007