Cómo citar
Resumen
Antecedentes: Las medidas para controlar la COVID-19 se han relajado en muchos países, pero algunos todavía mantienen medidas estrictas, aunque hay ciudadanos que las incumplen. Muchos estudios muestran la relevancia de los rasgos de personalidad en la predicción del cumplimiento, pero no está tan claro cuál es el rol de la inteligencia. Por eso, los objetivos eran evaluar si la inteligencia está relacionada con el cumplimiento, y cuál es su papel predictivo cuando se considera junto con la tríada oscura y la impulsividad disfuncional. Método: 786 participantes respondieron cuatro cuestionarios. Se realizaron correlaciones, regresión múltiple y análisis de ecuaciones estructurales. Resultados: El análisis de regresión mostró que la psicopatía y la impulsividad eran las variables con una mayor contribución, mientras que la inteligencia contribuía de forma pobre. Los resultados del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales sugieren que la inteligencia tiene una relación indirecta con el cumplimiento, a través de su relación con la impulsividad disfuncional y la tríada oscura. Conclusiones: La inteligencia parece modular la relación entre los rasgos negativos de personalidad y el cumplimiento de las medidas preventivas, por lo que las personas más inteligentes, pero con rasgos negativos de personalidad, no tenderían a tener niveles tan bajos de cumplimiento.
Citas
Adan, A. (2012). Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity in young binge drinkers. Adicciones, 24(1), 17-22. https://www.adicciones.es/index.php/adicciones/article/view/113
Alper, S., Bayrak, F., & Yilmaz, O. (2021). Psychological correlates of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and preventive measures: Evidence from Turkey. Current Psychology, 40(11), 5708-5717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00903-0
Ausín, B., González-Sanguino, C., Castellanos López, M. Á., Sáiz, J., Zamorano, S., Vaquero, C., & Muñoz, M. (2022). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: a longitudinal study. Psicothema, 34(1), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2021.290
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Beier, M. E., & Ackerman, P. L. (2003). Determinants of health knowledge: an investigation of age, gender, abilities, personality, and interests. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 439-448. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.439
Bernstein, A., Ando, A., Loch-Temzelides, T., Vale, M., Li, B., Li, H., Busch, J., Chapman, C., Kinnaird, M., Nowak, K., Castro, M., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Ahumada, J., Xiao, L. Roehrdanz, P., Kaufman, L., Hannah, L., Daszak, P., Pimm, S., & Dobson, A. (2022). The costs and benefits of primary prevention of zoonotic pandemics. Science Advances, 8, Article eabl4183. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl4183
Biçaksiz, P., & Özkan, T. (2016). Impulsivity and driver behaviors, off and accident involvement: A systematic review. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 38, 194–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.06.001
Blagov, P. (2021). Adaptive and Dark Personality in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Predicting Health-Behavior Endorsement and the Appeal of Public-Health Messages. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(5), 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620936439
Chico, E., Tous, J. M., Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Vigil-Colet, A. (2003). Spanish adaptation of Dickman’s impulsivity inventory, its relationship to Eysenck’s personality questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1883- 1892. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00037-0
Condon, D., & Revelle, W. (2014). The international cognitive ability resource: Development and initial validation of a public-domain measure. Intelligence, 43, 52-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.01.004
Córdoba-Aguilar, A., Ibarra-Cerdeña, C. N., Castro-Arellano, I., & Suzan, G. (2021). Tackling zoonoses in a crowded world: Lessons to be learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Tropica, 214, Article 105780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105780
Deary, I., Weiss, A., & Batty, G. (2010). Intelligence and personality as predictors of illness and death: How researchers in differential psychology and chronic disease epidemiology are collaborating to understand and address health inequalities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(2), 53-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610387081
Dickman, S. J. (1990). Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: Personality and cognitive correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.95
Doerfler, S., Tajmirriyahi, M., Dhaliwal, A., Bradetich, A., Ickes, W., & Levine, D. (2021). The dark triad trait of psychopathy and message framing predict risky decision‐making during the COVID‐19 pandemic. International Journal of Psychology, 56(4), 623-631. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12766
Duran-Bonavila, S., Morales-Vives, F., Cosi, S., Vigil-Colet, A. (2017). How impulsivity and intelligence are related to diff forms of aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 66-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.033
Eensoo, D., Paaver, M., Pulver, A., Harro, M., & Harro, J. (2004). Low platelet MAO activity associated with high dysfunctional impulsivity and antisocial behavior: evidence from drunk drivers. Psychopharmacology, 172, 356- 358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1664-y
Espinosa, P., & Clemente, M. (2021). Beyond the pale: Dark traits and close relations influence attitudes toward COVID-19 and the rejection of quarantine rules. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), Article 4838. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094838
Ferrando, P. J. (2021). Seven decades of factor analysis: From Yela to the present day. Psicothema, 33(3), 378-385. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2021.24
Ferrando P. J., Lorenzo-Seva, U., Chico, E. (2009). A General Factor-Analytic Procedure for Assessing Response Bias in Questionnaire Measures. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16, 364–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510902751374
Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The Dark Triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12018
Granö, N., Virtanen, M., Vahtera, J., Elovainio, M., & Kivimäki, M. (2004). Impulsivity as a predictor of smoking and alcohol consumption. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(8), 1693–1700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.03.004
Han, H. (2021). Exploring the association between compliance with measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and big five traits with Bayesian generalized linear model. Personality and Individual Differences, 176, Article 110787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110787
Haug, N., Geyrhofer, L., Londei, A., Dervic, E., Desvars-Larrive, A., Loreto, V., Pinior, B., Thurner, S., & Klimek, P. (2020). Ranking the effectiveness of worldwide COVID-19 government interventions. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(12), 1303–1312. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-01009-0
Hernández-Dorado, A., Vigil-Colet, A., Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2021). Is correcting for acquiescence increasing the external validity of personality test scores? Psicothema, 33(4), 639-646. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2021.131
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fi indices in covariance structure analysis: conventional versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(2), 331-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.006
Johnson, J. (2000). A Heuristic Method for Estimating the Relative Weight of Predictor Variables in Multiple Regression. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 35(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3501_1
Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: a concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 420-432. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019265.
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105
Kowalski, C., Kwiatkowska, K., Kwiatkowska, M., Ponikiewska, K., Rogoza, R., & Schermer, J. (2018). The Dark Triad traits and intelligence: Machiavellians are bright, and narcissists and psychopaths are ordinary. Personality and Individual Diff ences, 135, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.049
Krupić, D., Žuro, B., & Krupić, D. (2021). Big Five traits, approach- avoidance motivation, concerns and adherence with COVID-19 prevention guidelines during the peak of pandemic in Croatia. Personality and Individual Differences, 179, Article 110913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110913
Lawley, D. N., & Maxwell, A. E. (1973). Regression ana factor analysis. Biometrika, 60(2), 331-338. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/60.2.331
Lee, T., Cai, L., & MacCallum, R. (2012). Power Analysis for Test of Structural Equation Models. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling (pp. 181–194). Guilford Press.
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2009). Acquiescent responding in partially balanced multidimensional scales. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 62, 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711007X265164
Lorenzo-Seva, U., Ferrando, P. J., & Chico, E. (2010). Two SPSS programs for interpreting multiple regression results. Behaviour Research Methods, 42(1), 29-35. https://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.1.29
Modersitzki, N., Phan, L. V., Kuper, N., & Rauthmann, J. F. (2021). Who is impacted? Personality predicts individual differences in psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(6), 1110-1130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620952576
Morales-Vives, F., Dueñas, J. M., Ferrando, P. J., Vigil-Colet, A., & Varea, M. D. (2022). COmpliance with pandemic COmmands Scale (COCOS): The relationship between compliance with COVID-19 measures and sociodemographic and attitudinal variables. PLoS ONE, 17, Article e0262698. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262698
Morales-Vives, F., & Vigil-Colet,A. (2012).Are old people so gentle? Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity in the elderly. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(3), 465-471. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161021100161X
Muthén, L.K. and Muthén, B.O. (2017). Mplus User’s Guide. Eighth Edition. Muthén & Muthén. https://www.statmodel.com/download/usersguide/MplusUserGuideVer_8.pdf
Nivette, A., Ribeaud, D., Murray, A., Steinhoff A., Bechtiger, L., Hepp, U., Shanahan, L., & Eisner, M. (2021). Non-compliance with COVID-19- related public health measures among young adults in Switzerland: Insights from a longitudinal cohort study. Social Science and Medicine, 268, Article 113370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113370
Nofal, A., Cacciotti, G., Lee, N. (2020). Who complies with COVID-19 transmission mitigation behavioral guidelines? PLOS ONE, 15(10), Article e0240396. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240396
Nowak, B., Brzóska, P., Piotrowski, J., Sedikides, C., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., & Jonason, P. (2020). Adaptive and maladaptive behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of Dark Triad traits, collective narcissism, and health beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 167, Article 110232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110232
O’Boyle, E., Forsyth, D., Banks, G., & Story, P. (2013). A meta-analytic review of the Dark Triad–intelligence connection. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(6), 789-794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.001
Orgilés, M., Espada, J. P., Delvecchio, E., Francisco, R., Mazzeschi, C., Pedro, M., & Morales, A. (2021). Anxiety and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic: A transcultural approach. Psicothema, 33(1), 125-130. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.287
Orth, U., Malkewitz, K., & Bee, C. (2010). Gender and personality drivers of consumer mixed emotional response to advertising. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 32(1), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2010.10505276
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
Pineda, D., Sandín, B., & Muris, P. (2020). Psychometrics properties of the Spanish version of two dark triad scales: the dirty dozen and the short dark triad. Current Psychology, 39(5), 1873-1881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9888-5
Raskin, R., & Hall, C. (1981). The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Alternative form reliability and further evidence of construct validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 45(2), 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4502_10
Rosha, B., Suryaputri, I., Irawan, I., Arfi P., & Triwinarto, A. (2021). Factors affecting public non-compliance with large-scale social restrictions to control COVID-19 transmission in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 54(4), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.3961/JPMPH.21.101
Steiger, J. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fi assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893-898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
Triberti, S., Durosini, I., & Pravettoni, G. (2021). Social distancing is the right thing to do: Dark Triad behavioral correlates in the COVID-19 quarantine. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, Article 110453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110453
Uddin, S., Imam, T., Khushi, M., Khan, A., Ali, M. (2021). How did socio-demographic status and personal attributes influence compliance to COVID-19 preventive behaviours during the early outbreak in Japan? Lessons for pandemic management. Personality and Individual Differences, 175, Article 110692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110692
Vallejo-Slocker, L., Sanz, J., García-Vera, M. P., Fresneda, J., & Vallejo, M. Á. (2022). Mental health, quality of life and coping strategies in vulnerable children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psicothema, 34(2), 249-258. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2021.467
van Rooij, B., de Bruijn, A., Reinders Folmer, C., Kooistra, E., Kuiper, M., Brownlee, M., Olthuis, E., & Fine, A. (2021). Compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures in the United States. Amsterdam Law School Research Paper, 2020-21, 1-41. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3582626
Vigil-Colet, A., & Morales-Vives, F. (2005). How impulsivity is related to intelligence and academic achievement. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 8(2), 199- 204. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600005072
Vigil-Colet, A., Navarro-González, D., & Morales-Vives, F. (2020). To reverse or to not reverse Likert-type items: That is the question. Psicothema, 32(1), 108-114. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.286
Wismans, A., Letina, S., Wennberg, K., Thurik, R., Baptista, R., Burke, A., Dejardin, M., Janssen, F., Santarelli, E., Torrès, O., & Franken, I. (2021). The role of impulsivity and delay discounting in student compliance with COVID-19 protective measures. Personality and Individual Diff ences, 179, Article 110925.
World Health Organization (2022, May 10). Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public.
Wright, S. (1934). The method of path coeffi The annals of mathematical statistics, 5(3), 161-215. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177732676
Xie, W., Campbell, S., & Zhang, W. (2020). Working Memory Capacity Predicts Individual Differences in Social Distancing Compliance During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, PNAS, 117(30), 17667-17674. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008868117
Zajenkowski, M., Jonason, P. K., Leniarska, M., & Kozakiewicz, Z. (2020). Who complies with the restrictions to reduce the spread of COVID-19?: Personality and perceptions of the COVID-19 situation, Personality and Individual Differences, 166, Article 110199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110199