Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Grief is part of everyone’s life. The loss of a loved one places the individual in a situation of transition and change in the relationship with himself, with the deceased and with the world around him. The continuing bonds between the mourner and the deceased is manifested through conversations, dreams and a repertoire of objects of significant character for the mourner. By examining previous studies regarding continuing bonds, that payed little attention to research on grief symptoms and posttraumatic growth to understand grief adjustment, this paper argues the pertinence of analyze the relationship between anxiety, symptoms of affliction and the continuing bonds for a better understanding of grief in a contemporary perspective.
References
Arikan, G. y Karanci, N. (2012). Attachment and coping as facilitators of posttraumatic growth in Turkish university students experiencing traumatic events. J. Trauma Dissociation, 13, 209-225.
Barthes, R. (2001). La torre Eiffel. Textos sobre la imagen. Barcelona: Paidós Comunicación.
Bartholomew, K. y Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 61, 226-244.
Boelen, P.A. y Klugkist, I. (2011). Cognitive behavioral variables mediate the associations of neuroticism and attachment insecurity with prolonged grief disorder severity. Anxiety Stress Coping, 24, 291-307.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1: Attachment. London: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2: Separation. London: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3: Loss: Sadness and depression. London: Hogarth Press.
Bruner, J. (1986). Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Harvard University Press.
Cohen, O. y Katz, M. (2015). Grief and growth of bereaved siblings as related to attachment style and flexibility. Death Stud., 39, 158-164.
Currier, J.M., Irish, J.E.F., Neimeyer, R.A. y Foster, T.L., (2015). Attachment, continuing bonds, and complicated grief following violent loss: testing a moderated model. Death Stud., 39, 201-210.
De Luca, M.L., Grossi, G., Zacarello, G., Greco, R., Tineri, M., Slavic, E., Altomonte, A. y Palummieri, A. (2016). Adaptation and validation of the «Continuing Bond Scale» in an Italian context. An instrument for studying the persistence of the bond with the deceased in normal and abnormal grief. International Journal of Psychoanalysis and Education, 8, 2, 37-52.
Dekel, R., (2007). Posttraumatic distress and growth among wives of prisoners of war: the contribution of husbands’s posttraumatic stress disorder and wives’ own attachment. Am. J. Orthopsychiat, 77, 419-426.
Ferrucci, P. (2009). Belleza para sanar el alma. Barcelona: Urano.
Field, N.P. (2005). [Data for 47-item continuing bonds measure]. Unpublished raw data.
Field, N.P. y Filanosky, C. (2010). Continuing Bonds, Risk Factors for Complicated Grief, and Ad-justment to Bereavement. Death Studies, 34, 1-29.
Field, N.P., Gal-Oz, E. y Bonanno, G.A. (2003). Continuing Bonds and Adjustment at 5 Years After the Death of a Spouse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 110-117.
Field, N.P. (2006). Unresolved grief and continuing bonds: an attachment perspective. Death Studies, 30, 739-756.
Field, N.P. y Filanosky, C., (2010). Continuing bonds, risk factors for complicated grief, and adjustment to bereavement. Death Studies, 34, 1-29.
Field, N.P., Gao, B. y Paderna, L. (2005). Continuing bonds in bereavement: an attachment theory based perspective. Death Studies, 29, 277-299.
Field, N.P., Packman, W., Ronen, R., Pries, A., Davies, B. y Kramer, R. (2013). Type of continuing bonds expression and its comforting versus distressing nature: implications for adjustment among bereaved mothers. Death Studies, 37, 889-912.
Field, N.P. y Sundin, E.C., (2001). Attachment style in adjustment to conjugal bereavement. J. Soc. Pers. Relat., 18, 347-361.
Fraley, R.C. y Bonanno, G.A. (2004). Attachment and loss: a test of three compet. models on the associaton between attachment-related avoidance and adaptation to bereavement. Pers. Soc. Psychol., B 30, 878-890.
Fraley, R.C. y Shaver, P.R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Rev. Gen. Psychol., 4, 132-154.
Fraley, R.C. y Spieker, S.J. (2003). What are the differences between dimensional and categorical models of individual differences in attachment? reply to Cassidy, Cummings, Sroufe, and Waters and Beauchaine. Dev. Psychol., 39, 423-429.
Freud, S. ([1917] 1957). Mourning and melancholia. En: J. Strachey (ed., trans.), Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (pp. 251-268). London: Hogarth.
García-Hernández, A.M. (2005). Lecho de vida. Autoedición.
García-Hernández, A.M. (2005). Sueños y muerte en los miembros de la comunidad bahá’í de las islas Canarias. AIBR. Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana, 40, 1-21.
García-Hernández, A.M. (2008). Continuidad de lazos entre madres y padres y sus hijos fallecidos. Experiencia con padres participantes en un grupo de duelo. ENE. Revista de Enfermería, 3, 34-44.
García-Hernández, A.M. (2010). Vivir el duelo. La experiencia de perder un hijo. Tenerife: Ediciones Idea.
García-Hernández, A.M., Rodríguez M. y Brito P.R. (2016). Object repertoires that evoke memories for mothers and fathers who have lost children. Tenerife. Spain. Majorensis, 12, 12-21.
García-Hernández, A.M. (2017). Narrativas y continuidad de vínculos en padres que perdieron hijos. Majorensis, 13, 118-125.
Hazan, C. y Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 52, 511-524.
Ho, S.M., Chan, I.S., Ma, E.P. y Field, N.P. (2013). Continuing bonds, attachment style, and adjustment in the conjugal bereavement among Hong Kong Chinese. Death Stud., 37, 248-268.
Hussein, H. y Oyebode, J.R. (2009). Influences of religion and culture oncontinuing bonds in a sample of British Muslims of Pakistani origin. Death Studies, 33 (10), 890-912.
Klass, D., Silverman, P.R. y Nickman, S.L. (1996). Continuing Bonds. London-Philadelphia.
Klass, D. y Walter, T. (2001). Processes of Grieving: How Bonds are Continued. En: Margaret S. Stroebe, Robert O. Hansson, Wolfgang Stroebe y Henk Schut (eds.), Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequence, Coping, and Care. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Lundberg, G.D. (2001). The Best Health Care Goes Only so Far. Newsweek, 15.
Luzzatto, S.D. (1970). Words of the Wise: Anthology of Proverbs and Practical Axioms, compiled by Reuben Alcalay. Jerusalem: Massada Ltd.
Marramao, G. (2009). Minima temporalia. Barcelona: Gedisa Editorial.
Meier, A.M., Carr, D.R., Currier, J.M. y Neimeyer, R.A. (2013). Attachment anxiety and avoidance in coping with bereavement: two studies. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol., 32, 315-334.
Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O. y Shaver, P.R. (2002). Activation of the attachment system in adulthood: threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representations of attachment figures. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 83, 881-895.
Normand, C., Silverman, P.R. y Nickman, S.L. (1996). Bereaved Children’s Changing Relationship with the Deceased. En: Dennis Klass, Phyllis R. Silverman y Steven L. Nickman (eds.), Continuing Bonds: A New Understanding of Grief. Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis.
Pincus, L. (1976). Death and the Family. London: Faber.
Rizzuto, A.M. (1979). The Birth of the Living God: A Psychoanalytic Study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Shear, K., Monk, T., Houck, P., Melhem, N., Frank, E., Reynolds, C. y Sillowash, R. (2007). An attachment-based model of complicated grief including the role of avoidance. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 257, 453-461.
Shear, K., Wang, Y., Skritskaya, N., Duan, N., Mauro, C. y Ghesquiere, A. (2014). Treatment of complicated grief in elderly persons: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 1287-1295.
Sloterdijh, P. (2004) Esferas II, Globos. Madrid: Editorial Siruela.
Stroebe, M.S. y Schut, H. (2005). Complicated grief: A conceptual analysis of the field. Omega, 52, 53-70.
Tedeschi, R.G. y Calhoun, L.G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychol. Inq., 15, 1-18.
Wayment, H.A. y Vierthaler, J. (2002). Attachment style and bereavement reactions. J. Loss Trauma, 7, 129–149.
Wijngaards-de Meij, L., Stroebe, M., Schut, H., Stroebe, W., van den Bout, J., van derHeijden, P.G. y Dijkstra, I. (2007). Patterns of attachment and parents’ adjustment to the death of their child. Pers. Soc. Psychol., B 33, 537-548.
Yu, W., He, L., Xu, W., Wang, J. y Prigerson, H.G. (2016). How do attachment dimensions affect bereavement adjustment? A mediation model of continuing bonds. Psychiatry Research, 238, 93-99.